The Critical Distinction: Geranium vs. Pelargonium
The central point of confusion regarding geranium safety stems from a botanical misnomer. Many people commonly refer to the bright, annual plants found in flower boxes and hanging baskets as "geraniums," but these plants actually belong to the genus Pelargonium. True geraniums, often called cranesbills, belong to the genus Geranium and are a different group of plants entirely. Understanding this distinction is the most important step in determining if a particular plant is safe.
- True Geraniums (Geranium spp.): These perennial, hardy cranesbills are non-toxic to both humans and pets. They typically have five symmetrical petals and are often lower-growing ground covers. Historically, some species were used medicinally.
- Ornamental 'Geraniums' (Pelargonium spp.): These are the tender, frost-sensitive annuals most people associate with the name. They contain small amounts of the toxic compounds geraniol and linalool, which make them mildly poisonous to pets like dogs and cats. However, these compounds are generally not toxic to humans.
Are ornamental (Pelargonium) geraniums safe for human consumption?
For humans, specifically scented Pelargonium species such as the rose-scented (P. graveolens), lemon, or peppermint varieties, are widely considered edible. The leaves and flowers can be used to flavor food and beverages, a practice that has been common for centuries. Common culinary uses include:
- Baked Goods: Placing a scented geranium leaf in the bottom of a cake pan can infuse the cake with a delicate, floral flavor. The leaf is removed before serving.
- Teas and Drinks: Infusing fresh leaves and flowers in hot water creates a soothing, fragrant herbal tea. They can also be used to flavor lemonades or other drinks.
- Desserts and Jams: The floral flavor is excellent for adding a unique twist to jams, jellies, or sorbets.
- Salads: Fresh, edible flowers can be used as a garnish to add both color and flavor to a salad.
It is crucial to be certain of the specific variety being used and only consume parts of plants that are explicitly known to be edible. When in doubt, it is best to err on the side of caution. While ingestion is generally safe, large quantities of any plant material can cause digestive upset.
Potential skin irritation from Pelargonium essential oils
One potential risk for humans, even with non-toxic species, is the development of skin irritation. Essential oils extracted from Pelargonium leaves contain compounds that can cause allergic contact dermatitis in some sensitive individuals. Symptoms may include a rash, redness, or a burning sensation upon skin contact. To minimize this risk:
- Dilute Essential Oils: Always dilute geranium essential oil with a carrier oil (like coconut or jojoba oil) before applying it to the skin.
- Perform a Patch Test: Before widespread application, test a small, diluted amount of the essential oil on a discreet patch of skin, like the inner arm, and wait 24 hours to check for a reaction.
Medicinal use of Pelargonium sidoides
Some specific Pelargonium species, like Pelargonium sidoides, are used medicinally, primarily for respiratory tract infections like bronchitis and the common cold. This extract (known as EPs 7630) is available commercially, but should be used with caution, as it can cause side effects such as stomach upset and may slow blood clotting. It is not recommended for individuals with immune system disorders or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding due to insufficient data. As with any herbal supplement, consulting a healthcare professional is advised before use.
Comparison Table: Geranium vs. Pelargonium
| Feature | True Geraniums (Cranesbills) | Ornamental 'Geraniums' (Pelargoniums) |
|---|---|---|
| Genus | Geranium | Pelargonium |
| Toxicity to Humans | Non-toxic | Generally non-toxic for culinary use |
| Toxicity to Pets | Non-toxic | Mildly toxic (vomiting, depression) |
| Petals | Symmetrical, 5 petals | Often asymmetrical, with more petals |
| Hardiness | Hardy perennials, frost-resistant | Tender annuals, sensitive to frost |
| Common Use | Ground cover, borders | Hanging baskets, containers, bedding plants |
| Edible Parts | Some species (e.g., wild geranium) have edible parts | Some scented varieties have edible leaves and flowers |
Conclusion: Enjoy with knowledge and care
The question of whether are geraniums safe for humans is best answered by understanding the difference between the two main types of plants that share the name. True cranesbill geraniums (Geranium spp.) are harmless to both people and pets. Ornamental Pelargonium plants, while mildly toxic to pets, are generally safe for human culinary use, especially the scented varieties. Potential risks for humans are mainly limited to skin irritation from concentrated essential oils in sensitive individuals, or specific side effects from medicinal extracts like P. sidoides. By confirming the correct plant type and observing simple precautions, you can safely enjoy the beauty and, in some cases, the flavor of these popular garden plants.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before using any plant for medicinal purposes.
How to Identify Safe vs. Toxic Varieties
To ensure safety, especially when sourcing for culinary purposes, always rely on reliable identification resources. Garden centers should be able to clarify if a plant is a hardy Geranium or a tender Pelargonium. For edible uses, specifically look for named, scented Pelargonium varieties and avoid ingesting any essential oils unless under professional guidance. For more information on plant identification, consulting a trusted resource like the ASPCA list of toxic and non-toxic plants can be helpful for pet owners.
For Pet Owners: Added Precautions
If you have curious pets, it is prudent to keep all Pelargonium species out of their reach. This includes container plants, hanging baskets, and even essential oils. If you suspect your pet has ingested any part of a Pelargonium or its oil, contact your veterinarian or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Hotline immediately. Choose non-toxic cranesbill varieties (Geranium spp.) for gardens frequented by dogs and cats for a safer alternative.
