Understanding the Apple of Peru Plant
The Apple of Peru, or Nicandra physalodes, is a fascinating and deceptive annual plant. It is not related to the common edible apple but is instead a member of the Solanaceae family, the same family as belladonna and deadly nightshade. Native to western South America, the plant is now found worldwide as an introduced and often weedy species. It grows into a bushy plant, often reaching up to one meter in height, with distinctive toothed and waved green leaves. Its flowers are bell-shaped and pale violet or white, and they only open for a few hours each day.
The most deceptive feature of the plant is its fruit. After flowering, the plant produces berries that resemble miniature, papery lanterns. These fruits, which are sometimes green or mottled black, contain numerous seeds. While they may look interesting, all parts of the plant, including the fruits, are poisonous. The seeds, in particular, contain concentrated levels of toxic alkaloids that are harmful if ingested by humans and animals.
The Real Danger: Why You Can't Eat Apples of Peru
The primary danger lies in the presence of toxic compounds throughout the plant, especially in the seeds. While some literature mentions conflicting accounts of historical medicinal use, modern guidance is clear: the plant should be handled with extreme caution and never ingested. Cases of livestock poisoning linked to this plant have been documented.
Accidental ingestion can lead to several unpleasant and potentially serious health issues, including:
- Gastrointestinal distress
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- More severe symptoms like tremors, tachycardia, and convulsions in larger quantities
Ornamental Use and Safety Precautions
Despite its toxicity, the Apple of Peru is a popular ornamental plant due to its unique lantern-like calyces, which are often used in dried floral arrangements. Its reputation as a pest repellent, specifically against whitefly, has also earned it the nickname "shoo-fly plant". This ornamental use, however, poses a risk, particularly in gardens frequented by children or pets. The fruits can be tempting to curious children who might mistake them for edible berries. It is crucial to be able to distinguish this poisonous plant from similar-looking edible relatives.
What to Do in Case of Ingestion
If you suspect that a person or animal has ingested any part of the Apple of Peru plant, take immediate action:
- Stay Calm: Panic can make the situation worse.
- Identify the Plant: If possible, take a photo or collect a small sample of the plant for identification.
- Contact Poison Control: Call a poison control center immediately. In the US, the number is 1-800-222-1222. Be prepared to provide details about the person's age, weight, the amount and part of the plant consumed, and the time of ingestion.
- Follow Instructions: Follow any and all instructions given by the poison control expert. Do not induce vomiting unless specifically told to do so.
- Seek Medical Help: If the person or animal exhibits severe symptoms like difficulty breathing, convulsions, or loss of consciousness, call emergency services immediately.
Apple of Peru vs. Peruvian Apple Cactus: A Table of Differences
It is important not to confuse the toxic Apple of Peru (Nicandra physalodes) with the edible fruit of the Peruvian Apple Cactus (Cereus repandus). The similar common names can cause significant and dangerous confusion.
| Feature | Apple of Peru (Nicandra physalodes) | Peruvian Apple Cactus (Cereus repandus) |
|---|---|---|
| Family | Solanaceae (Nightshade Family) | Cactaceae (Cactus Family) |
| Edibility | Highly toxic and not edible | Edible fruit |
| Plant Type | Annual herbaceous plant | Columnar cactus |
| Fruit Appearance | Small, round berry enclosed in a papery, lantern-like husk | Red or purple fruit resembling an apple or pear, with edible white pulp and black seeds |
| Where to Find | Widespread weed, ornamental garden plant | South American cactus, grown for edible fruit |
Conclusion
In summary, the answer to "Can you eat apples of Peru?" is a definitive no. The Apple of Peru plant, Nicandra physalodes, is poisonous in all its parts, and its attractive, lantern-like berries should never be consumed. While useful as an ornamental plant and natural pest repellent, it poses a significant health risk if ingested. Gardeners and homeowners should be aware of this plant's toxic nature, especially if children or pets are present. For those seeking a genuinely edible Peruvian fruit, the Peruvian Apple Cactus offers a delicious, though unrelated, alternative. For more detailed information on controlling this plant, consult reliable horticultural resources like the RHS.
Safe Handling and Awareness
- Proper Identification: Learn to correctly identify Nicandra physalodes to avoid accidental ingestion.
- Keep Away from Children: Educate children about the plant's toxicity and ensure they do not play with or consume its fruits.
- Monitor Pets: Supervise pets in gardens where this plant may be present to prevent them from chewing on the foliage or berries.
- Wear Gloves: When handling or weeding the plant, it is best to wear gloves to avoid contact with any potential irritants.
- Prevent Spread: The Apple of Peru is a vigorous self-seeder. To prevent it from spreading, deadhead the flowers before they go to seed.
