What is Chicken Scratch?
Chicken scratch, also known as scratch grains, is a supplemental feed given to chickens, consisting of a mix of cracked corn, wheat, oats, and sometimes seeds. Unlike nutritionally complete layer feed, which is formulated with specific amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals, scratch is primarily a source of carbohydrates for energy. It is designed to be a treat to encourage natural foraging behavior, not a staple food. Many backyard poultry keepers enjoy scattering scratch for their flock, but it is important to remember it is essentially junk food for chickens and should be fed in strict moderation.
The Nutritional Truth: Does Chicken Scratch Have Calcium?
No, chicken scratch does not contain the necessary amounts of calcium for laying hens. A key distinction between scratch and layer feed is the lack of mineral supplementation in scratch grains. While some natural grains may contain trace amounts, it is nowhere near the concentration required for proper eggshell formation and overall bone health. For instance, some nutritional analyses of scratch grains explicitly list calcium content at 0.0%. Relying on scratch as a primary food source will quickly lead to calcium deficiencies in laying hens, resulting in significant health problems and poor egg quality.
Why Laying Hens Need Adequate Calcium
Calcium is a critically important mineral for a chicken's health, particularly for laying hens. The eggshell of a typical hen is composed of approximately 2 grams of calcium carbonate, which must come from her diet. A hen in peak production can lay nearly one egg per day, putting a tremendous strain on her body's calcium reserves.
Without sufficient dietary calcium, a hen's body will begin to pull the mineral from her bones to produce eggshells, a process that can lead to severe health issues. This can result in conditions like osteoporosis and cage layer fatigue, making her bones brittle and prone to fractures. Adequate calcium intake, along with Vitamin D3 for absorption, is non-negotiable for a healthy, productive flock.
Scratch Grains vs. Complete Layer Feed: A Critical Comparison
Understanding the fundamental differences between scratch grains and a complete layer feed is vital for a chicken keeper. The two products serve entirely different purposes and should be treated as such.
| Feature | Chicken Scratch Grains | Complete Layer Feed |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Purpose | Treat or supplement to encourage foraging | Main source of balanced daily nutrition for laying hens |
| Protein Content | Low (typically 8-9%) | High (typically 16-18%) |
| Calcium Content | Little to none (typically 0.0%) | High (typically 3-3.5% calcium carbonate) |
| Nutrient Balance | Unbalanced, high in carbs, low in vitamins/minerals | Scientifically formulated with specific nutrient ratios |
| Feeding Guidelines | No more than 10% of total diet | Should form the bulk (approx. 90%) of the diet |
How to Provide Calcium Supplements for Your Chickens
Because layer feed is designed to meet a hen's daily needs, some may wonder if supplements are necessary. While many commercial layer feeds are fortified with calcium, providing free-choice access to an additional calcium source allows hens to self-regulate their intake based on individual needs. This is particularly important for birds that may be eating treats or kitchen scraps, which can dilute the nutrients in their complete feed.
- Oyster Shells: This is the most common and effective form of calcium supplementation. The large particles are stored in the hen's gizzard and released slowly overnight, which is when most eggshell formation occurs. Look for crushed oyster shells at any feed store and offer it in a separate container from the feed.
- Crushed Eggshells: A DIY option is to save and process your own eggshells. They must be thoroughly dried and crushed into a fine powder to prevent chickens from associating whole shells with an edible treat, which could lead to egg-eating habits. Only use shells from your own healthy flock.
- Limestone Grit: Similar to oyster shells, limestone grit provides an absorbable source of calcium for hens.
Warning: Never mix calcium supplements directly into your flock's main feed. Providing it free-choice is crucial. Excess calcium can be harmful, especially to chicks and roosters, leading to kidney damage and other issues.
Signs of Calcium Deficiency in Your Flock
Recognizing a calcium deficiency is important for your flock's health. While thin or soft-shelled eggs are the most obvious sign, other symptoms may also appear.
- Reduced Egg Production: A hen's laying may decrease or stop entirely as her body prioritizes its own essential functions over producing eggs.
- Thin or Soft-Shelled Eggs: The most common symptom, where eggshells are noticeably weak, brittle, or completely lacking.
- Osteoporosis: Weak and brittle bones caused by the body drawing calcium from its skeletal reserves.
- Egg-Binding: An egg becomes lodged in the hen's oviduct, often due to an improperly formed shell.
- Lethargy and Weakness: Severe deficiencies can result in general malaise, weakness, and lameness.
- Feather Pecking or Cannibalism: Abnormal behaviors can sometimes be linked to nutritional deficiencies, including a lack of calcium.
Conclusion: Scratch is a Treat, Not a Supplement
To ensure your flock is healthy and producing strong-shelled eggs, the answer is clear: chicken scratch does not have the calcium content needed for laying hens. It should be used sparingly as an energy-rich treat, making up no more than 10% of your chicken's total diet. The bulk of their nutrition must come from a complete, high-quality layer feed fortified with essential minerals, including calcium. For added assurance and to allow your hens to self-regulate, provide a free-choice supplement like oyster shells in a separate dish. By understanding the distinction between scratch and a balanced feed, you can confidently manage your flock's diet and prevent the health issues associated with calcium deficiency.
Key Principles for Providing Calcium to Chickens
- A complete layer feed with adequate calcium must form the bulk of a hen's diet.
- Always offer a free-choice calcium supplement, like oyster shells, in a separate dish.
- Limit treats and scratch grains to no more than 10% of a chicken's daily intake.
- Never give layer feed to chicks or roosters, as the high calcium levels can be toxic.
- Monitor eggshell quality as a primary indicator of your flock's calcium intake.
- Ensure your chickens have access to sunlight to aid in Vitamin D3 production, which helps calcium absorption.
