The Core Difference: Black vs. Red 'Liquorice'
At the heart of the confusion lies a fundamental misunderstanding of what defines a liquorice confection. True, authentic liquorice is made from the extract of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant root. This extract imparts a very distinct, earthy, and naturally sweet-bitter flavor. Crucially, the process of boiling this root to create the extract and then combining it with other ingredients to make candy naturally produces a deep black or brown color. This means that genuine black liquorice does not need artificial colors like Red 40 to achieve its final appearance.
In contrast, what is commonly sold as "red liquorice" in North America is not liquorice at all. It is a fruit-flavored confection made with a similar process to black liquorice, but without the key ingredient: the liquorice root extract. Instead, manufacturers use ingredients like corn syrup, wheat flour, and various artificial flavorings (such as cherry, strawberry, or raspberry) and artificial colorings to create the desired taste and vibrant red hue. The presence of Red 40 in these products is a direct consequence of this formulation.
The Ingredients that Give Liquorice its Color
- Black Liquorice: The dark color of authentic black liquorice comes from natural sources. The boiling process of the liquorice root extract, sometimes combined with other dark ingredients like molasses or vegetable carbon (E153), is responsible for its rich, black shade.
- Red 'Liquorice': The vivid red color in fruit-flavored candy is most often due to the addition of artificial dyes. Red 40 (also known as Allura Red AC) is a common choice for achieving the bright red color associated with popular varieties.
- Caramel Coloring: Some candy formulations, particularly those with a brown tint, might use caramel coloring (E150) to enhance or create the desired shade. This is not the same as Red 40, but is another type of food coloring.
A Deeper Look at Red 40
Red 40 is an artificial dye created from petroleum distillates. While it is approved for use by regulatory bodies in many countries, it is a point of concern for some consumers who prefer to avoid artificial additives. It has been a common ingredient in a vast array of processed foods, particularly brightly colored ones like candy, sodas, and cereals. The decision to include or exclude it from a product is solely at the manufacturer's discretion, and is always listed on the ingredients label.
Comparison Table: Black vs. Red 'Liquorice'
| Feature | Black Liquorice (Authentic) | Red 'Liquorice' (Confection) |
|---|---|---|
| Flavoring | Extract from the liquorice root, sometimes with anise oil. | Artificial fruit flavors (cherry, strawberry, etc.). |
| Primary Color Source | Natural extract from the root; may also use caramel color or vegetable carbon. | Artificial food dyes, most commonly Red 40. |
| Presence of Red 40 | Typically no. | Very likely. |
| Contains Real Liquorice? | Yes, by definition. | No. |
| Appearance | Deep black or dark brown. | Bright, vibrant red. |
| Common Examples | Salted Dutch liquorice, Amarelli liquirizia. | Twizzlers, Red Vines. |
Reading the Ingredient Label for Red 40
The most reliable way to know if a candy contains Red 40 is to check the ingredient list on the product packaging. The law requires food manufacturers to list all additives. Look for "Red 40" or "Allura Red AC" in the ingredients list. Some manufacturers also offer a "Made Simple" line that may use natural colorings, but this is not standard across all products. If you are looking for a red candy without artificial coloring, opt for products that specify their use of natural alternatives, such as beet juice or paprika extract.
The Health-Conscious Consumer
For consumers concerned about artificial dyes, the simple rule of thumb is to assume that any unnaturally vibrant red-colored candy contains artificial coloring agents like Red 40. This is particularly true for red 'liquorice' confections. If avoiding these ingredients is a priority, the best course of action is to stick with authentic black liquorice or seek out specialty products that explicitly state they use only natural colors. Some brands of black liquorice use caramel color (E150), which is a separate additive from Red 40.
Conclusion: It Depends on the Candy
In conclusion, the question of whether liquorice has Red 40 is not a straightforward yes or no. True, black liquorice, made with the extract of the liquorice root, does not contain Red 40 and instead gets its dark color naturally. However, the popular red "liquorice" twists and ropes, which are actually fruit-flavored confections, almost always contain Red 40 to achieve their bright red appearance. As with any food additive, a quick check of the ingredient label is the most definitive way to determine the presence of Red 40. The distinction highlights the importance of understanding food labeling and the difference between genuine ingredients and imitations.
Is Red 'Licorice' an American invention?
The concept of a red, fruit-flavored rope candy is most closely associated with the United States. In Europe, where black licorice has a longer tradition, the term "licorice" almost exclusively refers to the black, root-based confectionery. The fruity, colorful ropes are a different confectionery altogether.
Can you find natural versions of red 'licorice'?
Yes, some manufacturers are now producing versions of the fruit-flavored candy that use natural colorings from sources like fruit and vegetable juices. These products are typically marketed as "all-natural" or "made simple" versions and can be identified by their ingredient list.
Why is authentic black licorice less common in the US?
Black licorice has a polarizing taste profile due to the strong, earthy flavor of the licorice root extract. The American market has generally favored sweeter, more universally appealing fruit flavors, which led to the creation and popularization of the imitation red 'licorice'.
Do all black licorice candies contain licorice root extract?
No, not all black licorice candies contain real licorice root extract. Some cheaper varieties use anise oil to mimic the flavor. The level of licorice root extract varies depending on the brand and country of origin. This is a good example of why checking the label is essential, even for black licorice.
What are some ingredients in red 'liquorice'?
Besides corn syrup and wheat flour, red 'liquorice' can contain a variety of artificial flavorings, colorings like Red 40, citric acid for tanginess, and mineral oil for a glossy finish. These ingredients contribute to its distinct fruity flavor and chewy texture.
What other dyes are used besides Red 40?
Other artificial dyes like Red 3, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6 are also used in various food products, including some candies. Red 3, for instance, has been linked to cancer in lab animals and has prompted calls for a ban. Natural alternatives include beet juice, paprika extract, and annatto.
Is there a health risk associated with Red 40?
While approved for use by the FDA, concerns have been raised about the potential health effects of artificial dyes, including links to hyperactivity in children. The industry maintains that the dye is safe in the amounts people consume, but many advocacy groups and consumers choose to avoid it.
