What is an Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)?
An oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a scientifically formulated mixture of sugar, salts, and water that helps to rehydrate the body effectively during episodes of fluid loss, such as from diarrhea, vomiting, or excessive sweating. The key to its effectiveness lies in the precise ratio of glucose and sodium. The body’s intestinal lining has a sodium-glucose cotransport system, meaning that as glucose is absorbed, it pulls sodium and water with it into the bloodstream, rehydrating the body faster and more efficiently than plain water. This mechanism is intact even during severe gastrointestinal distress.
While pre-packaged ORS packets are available, knowing how to make simple ORS at home is a life-saving skill, especially in situations where commercial products are not accessible. The home-based recipe, when prepared correctly, is endorsed by health organizations and is a powerful tool for preventing the dangerous complications of dehydration.
The DIY Simple ORS Recipe (WHO Guidelines)
This recipe follows the widely accepted standard and requires careful measurement to ensure the correct balance of electrolytes. Too much sugar can worsen diarrhea, while too much salt can be harmful, so precision is key.
Ingredients:
- 1 litre of clean drinking water (boiled and cooled if unsure of water safety).
- 6 level teaspoons of sugar (or glucose powder).
- 1/2 level teaspoon of salt.
Step-by-Step Instructions:
- Prepare a Clean Work Area: Before you begin, wash your hands and ensure all utensils and the mixing container are clean to prevent any contamination.
- Measure the Water: Using a clean, measured container, pour exactly 1 litre of safe drinking water. If using tap water, boil it for at least 10 minutes and let it cool before use.
- Add Salt: Carefully measure 1/2 level teaspoon of table salt and add it to the water. Do not add more, as this can be dangerous.
- Add Sugar: Measure 6 level teaspoons of sugar and add it to the mixture. It is crucial to use level, not heaping, teaspoons to maintain the proper balance.
- Mix Thoroughly: Stir the mixture until both the salt and sugar are completely dissolved. The solution should be clear and have a consistent taste.
- Administer and Store: The ORS is now ready to use. Store the solution in a clean, covered container. Any unused solution should be discarded after 24 hours.
Flavoring the ORS
To improve the taste, especially for children, you can add a mashed banana or a little orange juice for added potassium. However, do not add extra sugar or use sugary sodas, as this can disrupt the delicate electrolyte balance and make the problem worse.
Understanding the Difference: Homemade ORS vs. Other Drinks
Not all fluids are created equal when it comes to rehydration. The table below highlights why homemade ORS is superior to common household beverages for treating dehydration from illness.
| Feature | Homemade ORS | Commercial Sports Drink | Fruit Juice / Soda |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salt Content | Precisely balanced for optimal absorption | Contains some electrolytes, but often insufficient levels for illness | Negligible salt content, unsuitable for rehydration during illness |
| Sugar Content | Low osmolarity, maximizing water absorption | High sugar content, which can worsen diarrhea through an osmotic effect | Very high sugar content, can intensify dehydration and diarrhea |
| Cost | Very affordable, using common kitchen staples | Moderate to high cost per serving | Moderate cost, but counterproductive for rehydration |
| Safety for Illness | Recommended by WHO and UNICEF for mild to moderate dehydration | Not recommended for illness due to high sugar and incorrect electrolyte balance | Not recommended for illness; can exacerbate symptoms |
| Best Use | Treating dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting, and heat illness | Replenishing electrolytes during intense, prolonged exercise | General hydration and consumption in a healthy state |
Important Safety Precautions
While a homemade ORS is a powerful tool, it is not a substitute for professional medical advice, especially in severe cases of dehydration.
- Monitor Symptoms: Watch for signs of severe dehydration, which include listlessness, sunken eyes, lack of urination, and extreme thirst. In infants, also watch for a sunken soft spot on their head.
- Seek Medical Help: If dehydration worsens, vomiting is persistent, or diarrhea does not subside within 24 hours, seek immediate medical attention.
- Use Correct Measurements: Never eyeball the measurements. The ratio of salt and sugar is critical for the solution to work correctly and safely. Too much salt is extremely harmful, especially for children.
- Storage: Homemade ORS should be consumed or discarded within 24 hours to prevent bacterial growth. Always store it in the refrigerator.
- Proper Administration: Offer the solution in small, frequent sips rather than large quantities at once, as this can induce vomiting.
Conclusion
Knowing how do you make simple ORS is a fundamental step in managing mild to moderate dehydration at home. With just a litre of clean water, sugar, and salt, you can create an effective solution that replenishes lost fluids and electrolytes, following a scientifically sound method endorsed by global health authorities. However, it is paramount to adhere strictly to the measurements and to understand the limitations of home treatment. For severe dehydration or persistent symptoms, a healthcare professional should always be consulted. This simple, affordable remedy is a testament to the power of basic science in protecting public health and providing critical first-aid in times of need.
For more information on the guidelines for Oral Rehydration Therapy, you can visit the USAID Global Health Supply Chain Program website.
