Why American Mistletoe is Not for Eating
Many people are familiar with the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe, but far fewer are aware of the plant's true nature. American mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum) is a parasitic plant that, while less potent than its European relative, is unequivocally toxic. This is not a harmless holiday plant; it contains toxic proteins known as phoratoxins in its berries, leaves, and stems. Ingestion can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to more serious health issues, particularly for sensitive individuals, small children, and pets.
The Misconception of Mistletoe Toxicity
Historically, the reputation of mistletoe as a highly dangerous plant largely came from confusion with the European species (Viscum album), which contains different, and generally more potent, toxins. The two plants are not in the same genus, and the severity of poisoning differs significantly. However, this does not make the American variety safe. A study that examined numerous mistletoe exposures found that while fatalities were nonexistent, gastrointestinal issues were the most common symptom following ingestion. These findings reinforce the position of poison control centers: mistletoe is not a food item and should be kept away from anyone who might be tempted to taste it.
Comparing American vs. European Mistletoe
To understand the nuances of mistletoe toxicity, it's essential to differentiate between the American and European species. Their distinct chemical compositions lead to different potential health risks.
| Feature | American Mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum) | European Mistletoe (Viscum album) |
|---|---|---|
| Key Toxins | Phoratoxins | Viscotoxins, Viscumin (lectin) |
| Typical Symptoms | Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) | Severe gastrointestinal issues, central nervous system damage, kidney/liver damage, slow heart rate |
| Potency | Considered less potent and unlikely to cause death from small ingestions | Highly toxic, especially in concentrated doses (e.g., teas) |
| Distribution | Native to North America | Native to Eurasia |
| Cultural Use | Primarily decorative for the holidays | Historically used in folk medicine, but can cause severe illness |
Risks for Humans and Pets
For humans, symptoms from ingesting American mistletoe are typically limited to stomach upset. However, children are especially vulnerable due to their smaller body size and natural curiosity about the attractive white berries. For pets, the danger is more pronounced. The ASPCA lists mistletoe as toxic to cats, dogs, and horses, with potential side effects including vomiting, diarrhea, breathing difficulty, and low blood pressure. Pregnant women should also avoid ingestion, as some research suggests American mistletoe may be embryotoxic.
Safe Holiday Decoration Alternatives
With the risks associated with live mistletoe, especially in homes with children and pets, it is prudent to consider safer alternatives. The following are safe ways to enjoy the holiday spirit without the danger:
- Artificial Mistletoe: A perfect, worry-free solution that captures the look without the toxins. Artificial plants are also a permanent, reusable investment.
- Safe Greenery: Decorate with other non-toxic or low-toxicity plant alternatives like Christmas cactus or orchids, which can add festive color without the risk.
- High-Placement: If you must use live mistletoe, hang it far out of reach of children and pets. This is especially important for the berries, which are particularly tempting.
- DIY Edible Kissing Ball: Create a creative, safe, and fun edible version using non-toxic ingredients. Some people use sugared white pine needles or other decorative, yet safe, food items.
What to Do in Case of Mistletoe Ingestion
If you suspect that someone has ingested mistletoe, do not wait for symptoms to appear. The most important step is to contact your local Poison Control Center immediately at 1-800-222-1222 in the United States, or use the online webPOISONCONTROL® tool. The operators can provide expert guidance based on the patient's age, weight, the amount ingested, and the type of plant. Treatment is usually supportive, focusing on managing symptoms like vomiting and monitoring vital signs.
Conclusion
While the holiday tradition of mistletoe is charming, the facts regarding American mistletoe's edibility are clear: it is not safe for consumption. Despite being less acutely toxic than its European cousin, all parts of the plant contain harmful compounds that can cause unpleasant and potentially dangerous side effects for both humans and pets. Keeping this parasitic plant as a decoration only, high out of reach, or opting for safer alternatives is the most responsible way to enjoy the festive season. Awareness of the plant's true toxicity is the first step toward preventing a medical emergency. For further information on plant safety, consult the Missouri Poison Center's comprehensive resources.
