Why Bittersweet is Dangerously Inedible for Humans
It is a common and dangerous misconception that all wild berries are safe to eat. In the case of plants referred to as "bittersweet," this assumption can be life-threatening. The term can refer to two very different, but similarly toxic, species: the woody nightshade ($Solanum dulcamara$) and the invasive Oriental bittersweet ($Celastrus orbiculatus$). Both are poisonous to humans and pets, with their brightly colored berries often attracting the most attention.
The primary danger lies in the toxic compounds they contain. Woody nightshade contains solanine and dulcamarine, toxic alkaloids present in all parts of the plant but most concentrated in the unripe berries. Oriental bittersweet contains alkaloids and cardenolides, which cause gastrointestinal upset and, in larger doses, more severe neurological symptoms. In either case, the risk of poisoning is severe, and any ingestion should be treated as a medical emergency.
Identifying the Two Common Bittersweet Species
Proper identification is the most effective defense against accidental poisoning. While they share a similar common name, woody nightshade and Oriental bittersweet have distinct characteristics that can help you tell them apart. It is crucial to remember that both should be avoided and never eaten. Important Safety Note: If you are unsure about a plant's identity, never consume it.
Woody Nightshade ($Solanum dulcamara$)
- Flowers: Star-shaped, purple flowers with prominent yellow anthers in a cone shape. These appear from May to September.
- Berries: Small, oval-shaped berries that ripen from green to orange and then to bright red. Berries and flowers can appear on the plant simultaneously.
- Leaves: Dark green, arrowhead-shaped leaves, often with two small ear-like lobes at the base.
- Growth Habit: A perennial, semi-woody vine that can climb and grow in moist, shady areas like woodland edges and ditches.
Oriental Bittersweet ($Celastrus orbiculatus$)
- Flowers: Small, greenish-yellow flowers that appear in the leaf axils during late spring.
- Berries: In fall, yellow capsules split open to reveal showy red-orange berries. These are typically located along the length of the vine, not just at the tips.
- Leaves: Round, alternate leaves that are finely toothed and turn yellow in the fall.
- Growth Habit: An aggressive, woody vine that can grow up to 60 feet or more, coiling tightly around trees and shrubs and potentially killing them. Its roots are a characteristic bright orange.
Comparison of American vs. Oriental Bittersweet
| Feature | American Bittersweet ($Celastrus scandens$) | Oriental Bittersweet ($Celastrus orbiculatus$) |
|---|---|---|
| Toxicity | Toxic to humans and pets, containing alkaloids and cardenolides. | Toxic to humans and pets; invasive species. |
| Berry Location | Berries and flowers appear only at the ends of branches. | Berries and flowers appear along the length of the vine. |
| Stem/Bark | Native species; often has a more uniform, smooth bark. | Invasive; vines are more vigorous and can girdle and kill host plants. |
| Foliage | Oblong leaves. | Round or oval leaves with pointed tips. |
| Root Color | Not specified, but a key identifying feature of Oriental bittersweet. | Distinctive bright orange roots. |
Symptoms of Bittersweet Poisoning
Accidental ingestion can lead to a range of symptoms, with severity dependent on the amount consumed. Common symptoms of woody nightshade poisoning include:
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Dilated pupils
- In severe cases, convulsions, slowed breathing, and potentially death.
What to Do in Case of Exposure
If you or a pet has ingested any part of a bittersweet plant, immediate action is necessary. Do not wait for symptoms to appear. The first and most critical step is to call a poison control center or seek medical attention immediately. For humans, the number for the national Poison Control Center is 1-800-222-1222. For pets, contact a veterinarian or a pet poison helpline like the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center.
To aid in diagnosis, if possible, take a small sample of the plant with you to the medical facility or veterinarian. Ensure the sample is sealed in a bag and handled carefully to avoid further exposure. This allows for accurate identification and appropriate treatment.
Safe Alternatives and Awareness
Since bittersweet is so commonly used in decorative wreaths and arrangements, it's important to be aware of its presence, especially around young children and pets who might be tempted by the colorful berries. Instead of using real bittersweet, opt for safe, artificial versions for seasonal decorations.
For gardeners, it is important to correctly identify any bittersweet vines on your property and remove them carefully, especially the highly invasive Oriental bittersweet. Always wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly after handling, as the plant is toxic and any root fragments left behind can re-sprout.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the attractive berries of bittersweet plants are a visual deception; they are not edible for humans or pets and contain dangerous toxins. The term "bittersweet" refers to at least two species, woody nightshade and Oriental bittersweet, both of which are poisonous. By learning to accurately identify these vines, understanding the severe risks of ingestion, and taking immediate action if exposure occurs, you can protect yourself, your family, and your pets from a potentially fatal mistake. Exercise extreme caution in areas where these plants grow, and when in doubt, always assume the plant is toxic. Link to a Poison Control resource for more information on plant poisoning.
