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Affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide, coeliac disease is not evenly distributed across the globe. Its prevalence varies significantly by geography, with some regions showing markedly higher rates than others due to a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

While historically viewed as a Western illness, a 2019 study revealing a 2.19% seropositivity rate for celiac autoimmunity in Chinese youth challenged this perception, showing that Chinese people can be celiac. The disease is increasingly being recognized due to evolving diets and better diagnostic tools.