The term "buckthorn" is incredibly misleading, as it is used to describe several unrelated plants with vastly different properties. One is a poisonous invasive species, while another is a nutritious, edible superfruit. Mistaking one for the other can lead to serious health complications, making accurate identification essential for anyone foraging or simply curious about the plants in their environment.
The Threat of Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)
Common buckthorn, also known as European buckthorn or purging buckthorn, is an invasive species in many parts of North America. All parts of this plant, including its berries, are considered mildly poisonous to humans and most mammals. The name 'purging buckthorn' comes from its historical use as a strong laxative, a property caused by compounds called anthraquinone and emodin found in the plant. If you eat common buckthorn, the effects are primarily gastrointestinal.
Symptoms of Common Buckthorn Poisoning
- Abdominal pain and stomach cramps: Ingestion irritates the digestive tract.
- Severe, watery diarrhea: This is the most notable effect, caused by the plant's laxative properties.
- Vomiting: The body's natural response to ingesting a toxin.
- Fluid depletion: Excessive diarrhea can lead to dehydration.
- Kidney damage: While mild symptoms are common, consuming 20 or more berries can lead to more serious consequences, including kidney damage.
- Muscle weakness and collapse: In severe cases, especially in larger quantities, more systemic effects can occur.
The Edible Superfruit: Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
Sea buckthorn is a completely different plant from common buckthorn and should not be confused with it. It is prized for its highly nutritious, sour, and oily orange berries. Native to parts of Europe and Asia, the plant has been used for centuries for both medicinal and culinary purposes. The berries are packed with beneficial nutrients.
Health Benefits of Sea Buckthorn
- Nutrient-rich: A rich source of vitamins A, C, E, and K, as well as omega fatty acids.
- High in Vitamin C: Sea buckthorn berries contain significantly more vitamin C than oranges.
- Antioxidant properties: Contains antioxidants that help protect cells from free radical damage.
- Culinary versatility: Though very tart raw, the berries are used to make delicious juices, jams, sauces, and flavorings.
- Supplement form: Used in supplements and oils for various health purposes, including supporting heart health and skin conditions.
Identification Guide: Common Buckthorn vs. Sea Buckthorn
Since the consequences of misidentification are serious, knowing how to tell these plants apart is essential. Here is a comparison table outlining key differences:
| Feature | Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) | Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Invasive shrub or small tree; twigs often end in sharp, thorn-like tips. | Thorny shrub or tree, often with silvery-gray leaves. |
| Leaves | Oval, dark green leaves with noticeable veins that curve toward the tip. | Long, narrow, silvery-green leaves. |
| Berries | Purplish-black when ripe, loosely clustered. | Golden-yellow to dark orange, clustered tightly along branches. |
| Toxicity | All parts are mildly poisonous to humans. | Berries are edible and nutritious, but very tart. |
| Habitat | Widespread invasive in forests, fields, and roadsides in North America. | Coastal regions, Europe, and Asia. |
| Thorns | Sharp, thorn-like tips on twigs. | Noticeable, prominent thorns. |
What to Do If You Suspect Buckthorn Poisoning
If you or someone you know has ingested common buckthorn berries, it is crucial to act immediately. While common buckthorn poisoning is rarely fatal for humans, it can cause severe discomfort and illness, and large doses can be dangerous.
- Do not induce vomiting unless specifically instructed by a medical professional. The laxative effects often cause vomiting and diarrhea naturally.
- Contact a poison control center immediately. In the U.S., call 1-800-222-1222. Have information about the individual's age, weight, the amount ingested, and the type of plant, if known.
- Seek emergency medical attention if the person experiences severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, muscular convulsions, or collapse.
Conclusion
While the consequences of eating sea buckthorn can be a tasty and healthy boost of vitamins, the outcome of ingesting common buckthorn is an unpleasant and potentially dangerous episode of poisoning. The key takeaway is the importance of correct plant identification. The ambiguous name "buckthorn" requires careful attention to the specific species. For foragers and gardeners alike, educating oneself on the distinct features of Rhamnus cathartica versus Hippophae rhamnoides is not just a matter of culinary preference but of safety. If you are not 100% certain of the species, do not eat it. For more health information and drug interactions, reliable sources such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) offer valuable guidance.
