The Many Common Names of Thorn Apple
While its scientific name is Datura stramonium, the thorn apple has accumulated a variety of common names over centuries, many of which allude to its toxic nature, appearance, or a specific historical event. The following sections delve into the most prevalent aliases for this notorious plant.
Jimsonweed: A Historical Alias
Perhaps the most famous alternative name is Jimsonweed, a corruption of "Jamestown weed". This name originates from an infamous incident in 1676 in the colonial settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. During Bacon's Rebellion, soldiers were poisoned after consuming the plant in a salad. The effects were severe, causing them to behave erratically and hallucinate for days, though they thankfully survived. The story solidified the plant's reputation for causing madness, and the name has persisted ever since.
Devil's Trumpet and Devil's Snare
Two other chilling common names, Devil's Trumpet and Devil's Snare, are descriptive of the plant's distinct physical characteristics.
- Devil's Trumpet: This name refers to the plant's large, fragrant, and trumpet-shaped flowers. While beautiful, these white or pale violet flowers open at night and carry a potent warning of the plant's danger.
- Devil's Snare: This moniker highlights the plant's menacing, spiny seed capsules. At maturity, these capsules split open to release numerous black seeds, giving the impression of a trap or snare.
Other Regional and Descriptive Names
Several other names exist for Datura stramonium, reflecting local lore or specific visual cues:
- Mad Apple: A straightforward reference to the plant's delirium-inducing properties and the round, green seed pod.
- Stinkweed: A nod to the plant's unpleasant smell, particularly when its leaves are crushed.
- Locoweed: Another name related to the erratic and "crazy" behavior caused by ingestion.
Recognizing the Toxic Datura stramonium
Accurate identification is crucial for this highly toxic plant. Datura stramonium is a bushy, upright annual herb that typically grows 2–5 feet tall.
Identification Features
- Leaves: Large, simple, and ovate with irregularly toothed or lobed edges. They have a dark green upper surface and a lighter green underside.
- Flowers: Upright, white or pale purple, trumpet-shaped, and produce a strong, sweet fragrance at night.
- Fruit: An egg-shaped capsule covered in sharp spines, giving rise to the name "thorn apple".
- Seeds: Small, black, and kidney-shaped, contained within the fruit.
Datura vs. Brugmansia: A Common Confusion
The names "Angel's Trumpet" and "Devil's Trumpet" can cause confusion, as they refer to two related but distinct genera: Datura and Brugmansia. It is important to know the differences.
| Feature | Datura (Devil's Trumpet) | Brugmansia (Angel's Trumpet) |
|---|---|---|
| Plant Type | Herbaceous annual or short-lived perennial | Woody shrubs or small trees |
| Flower Direction | Erect or spreading, pointing upward or outward | Pendulous, hanging downward |
| Fruit | Spiny seed capsule | Smooth, elongated, and spineless fruit |
| Growth Habit | Grows closer to the ground | Taller, tree-like growth habit |
Dangers and Toxicity
All parts of the thorn apple are highly toxic due to the presence of tropane alkaloids like atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine. Ingestion, even in small amounts, can cause serious poisoning and lead to severe physiological and neurological effects. Symptoms can include hallucinations, confusion, dilated pupils, fever, and rapid heart rate, and can last for days.
Always handle this plant with gloves, and if you suspect accidental ingestion by a person or pet, seek immediate medical attention. For further information on poisonous plants, the Cornell University Department of Animal Science maintains extensive resources on the subject.
Conclusion
While its appearance is striking, the thorn apple, or Datura stramonium, is a plant that demands respect and caution. Its many names, from the historically rooted Jimsonweed to the descriptively sinister Devil's Snare, all serve as powerful reminders of its toxicity. Though sometimes cultivated for ornamental purposes, the importance of proper identification cannot be overstated, especially when distinguishing it from the related but different genus Brugmansia. Understanding its common names and characteristics is key to appreciating this plant from a safe distance and avoiding the dangers that inspired its reputation.
