The quest for the cleanest sparkling water goes beyond mere preference for fizz or flavor. It delves into the source of the water, the filtration processes, and the presence of hidden contaminants like Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). Unlike still water, sparkling varieties often show different purity profiles due to their sourcing and carbonation methods. For health-conscious consumers, a meticulous look at a brand's testing transparency and sourcing is essential for making an informed choice.
Why Water Purity is Critical
The perception of bottled water as inherently pure has been challenged by independent testing over the years. The Environmental Working Group (EWG) has conducted studies showing that many bottled water brands can contain an average of eight contaminants, some of which are unregulated. This highlights the need to scrutinize what is inside your bottle. Factors influencing the cleanliness of sparkling water include the following:
- Source Water Contamination: If the water source itself is polluted by industrial runoff or environmental factors, contaminants can find their way into the final product. Even natural springs are not immune to this risk.
- Filtration and Treatment: Some brands use advanced purification methods like reverse osmosis, which is highly effective at removing PFAS and other impurities. Others may rely on less rigorous filtration that is not sufficient for certain chemicals.
- Packaging: The container itself can be a source of contamination. PFAS can leach into the water from certain plastics or other materials, especially over time or when exposed to heat. Glass bottles generally pose a lower risk.
What are PFAS and Why Do They Matter?
PFAS are a class of thousands of human-made chemicals used in a wide array of products for their water and grease-resistant properties. Often called "forever chemicals" because they do not break down easily in the body or the environment, PFAS have been linked to potential health issues such as immune system suppression, high cholesterol, and certain cancers. Because they are not yet federally regulated in the U.S., testing for these substances is often left to independent labs and consumer watchdogs.
Some reports, like a 2020 study by Consumer Reports, found measurable levels of PFAS in several popular sparkling water brands. While many have since improved their processes or denied the findings, the information underscores the importance of ongoing scrutiny and brand accountability.
Top Contenders for the Cleanest Sparkling Water
Several brands consistently rank well for purity, often thanks to their source and processing methods. Naturally sourced mineral waters from pristine springs and those utilizing advanced filtration tend to perform best.
- Gerolsteiner: This naturally sparkling mineral water from Germany is often cited for its clean mineral profile and lack of detectable PFAS in recent testing. It is bottled in glass, further ensuring purity.
- Mountain Valley: Sourced from a protected spring in Arkansas, Mountain Valley sparkling water is highly regarded for its natural quality and clean, gentle bubbles. It is also sold in glass bottles.
- Liquid Death: This brand, known for its edgy marketing, sources its water from the Austrian Alps and cans it at the source, an airtight process that minimizes plastic exposure. Recent testing showed it was free of detectable PFAS. The aluminum can packaging is a key feature.
- Saratoga Sparkling Spring Water: Another glass-bottled option, Saratoga water comes from a natural spring in New York and is known for its clean taste.
The Importance of Home Carbonation Systems
For those who prefer to have total control over their water's purity, a home carbonation system like a SodaStream or Aarke is an excellent solution. By starting with high-quality filtered tap water, you can ensure that the water you're carbonating is free from harmful contaminants. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems and activated carbon filters are particularly effective at removing PFAS and other chemicals from tap water before it's carbonated. This approach not only provides the cleanest possible sparkling water but also drastically reduces the environmental impact of single-use plastic and aluminum packaging. You get to choose the source water and are fully aware of its purity before you carbonate it at home.
Comparison Table: Brand Purity at a Glance
| Feature | Gerolsteiner | Mountain Valley | Topo Chico | LaCroix | SodaStream (with filter) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | German mineral spring | Arkansas spring | Mexican mineral spring | Municipal (seltzer) | Tap water |
| Sourcing Type | Natural | Natural | Natural | Processed | User-controlled |
| Packaging | Glass bottles | Glass bottles | Glass bottles/Plastic | Aluminum cans | Reusable bottle |
| Contaminants | Non-detectable PFAS | Non-detectable PFAS | Historically detected PFAS, later improved | Historically detected PFAS | Depends on source water and filter |
| Minerals | High mineral content | Medium mineral content | High mineral content | None added | Depends on source water |
| Control over Purity | High | High | Medium | Low | Very High |
| Environmental Impact | Low (Glass) | Low (Glass) | Low (Glass) | Medium (Aluminum) | Very Low |
Factors to Consider When Choosing
Beyond just purity, several factors can influence your choice of sparkling water. These include environmental impact, taste, and packaging. Brands that use glass bottles generally have a lower risk of chemical leaching, though aluminum cans are also a better alternative to plastic. Taste, influenced by naturally occurring minerals, is highly subjective. A brand like Gerolsteiner will have a distinct mineral flavor, while a seltzer like LaCroix is more neutral. Home systems offer the ultimate in customization, allowing you to control both the base water and the carbonation level. Ultimately, the cleanest sparkling water is often the one you make yourself with a high-quality filter.
What About Carbonic Acid and Dental Health?
Some studies have suggested that the carbonic acid in sparkling water could potentially affect tooth enamel over time. However, plain sparkling water is significantly less acidic than sugary sodas or fruit juices, and the risk is minimal for most people. Drinking sparkling water with meals, when saliva production is higher, can help neutralize the acid. Switching to a home carbonation system also means you avoid the added chemicals found in some flavored varieties that increase acidity.
Conclusion
For consumers asking what is the cleanest sparkling water, the answer is nuanced. While some brands like Gerolsteiner, Mountain Valley, and Liquid Death have strong track records for purity, the ultimate control comes from a home carbonation system using reverse osmosis or activated carbon filtered water. Paying attention to third-party testing, source water transparency, and packaging materials will empower you to make the healthiest choice. The cleanest option may not always be a store-bought brand, but rather a customizable system that puts your health and the environment first. To continue your research, consult resources like the Environmental Working Group's guides on drinking water quality.
Key Takeaways
- PFAS and Contaminants: Independent testing has detected "forever chemicals" (PFAS) in several popular sparkling water brands, highlighting the need for vigilance.
- Advanced Filtration: Brands that use advanced purification methods like reverse osmosis or activated carbon filtering, or those sourced from pristine natural springs, often have the highest purity levels.
- Home Carbonation: For maximum control over water quality, a home carbonation system using filtered tap water is the cleanest option and reduces environmental waste.
- Packaging Matters: Glass bottles are generally superior for purity, as they eliminate the risk of chemical leaching from plastic and are a low-impact option.
- Brand Transparency: It's crucial to research brands and look for third-party certifications or test results to verify their claims of purity.
- Prioritize Glass or Cans: Brands like Gerolsteiner (glass), Mountain Valley (glass), and Liquid Death (aluminum cans) offer purer packaging alternatives to plastic.
- Personal Health: Mild acidity from carbonation poses minimal risk for most people compared to sugary sodas, but individuals with sensitive teeth or acid reflux should be mindful.
FAQs
Q: What are PFAS and should I be concerned about them in my sparkling water? A: PFAS are persistent, human-made chemicals found in many consumer products. Independent testing has detected them in some sparkling water brands, and they are linked to potential health issues. Choosing brands with non-detectable levels or using a home filter can minimize exposure.
Q: Is sparkling mineral water cleaner than seltzer water? A: Not necessarily. Sparkling mineral water comes from a natural spring, while seltzer is artificially carbonated water. The purity depends on the quality of the specific spring or tap water source and the filtration used, not just the type.
Q: How does packaging affect sparkling water's cleanliness? A: Plastic bottles can potentially leach microplastics and chemicals like PFAS into the water, especially when exposed to heat. Glass bottles and aluminum cans are considered safer, more stable options that do not pose this risk.
Q: Does reverse osmosis water taste good for sparkling water? A: Reverse osmosis removes nearly all minerals, which can result in a flat taste. However, many home systems now include a remineralization filter to add beneficial minerals back, enhancing the flavor for carbonation.
Q: Is using a home carbonation system the cleanest option? A: Yes, a home system provides the highest level of control over water purity. By starting with filtered tap water (especially using a reverse osmosis or activated carbon filter), you can ensure a cleaner, purer sparkling water compared to many pre-packaged options.
Q: Are unflavored sparkling waters safer for teeth? A: Yes. While the carbonic acid in plain sparkling water is mildly acidic, it is far less so than flavored versions that often contain added acids like citric acid. The risk to tooth enamel is minimal for plain sparkling water, and drinking with meals helps further.
Q: How can I verify a brand's purity claims? A: You can check the brand's website for third-party testing results, purity reports, or certifications. Trusted third-party testing organizations, like the FDA or EWG, also publish investigation results on their websites.
Q: Is there a taste difference between naturally and artificially carbonated water? A: Naturally carbonated mineral water often has a more complex flavor profile influenced by its naturally occurring minerals. Artificially carbonated seltzer is typically more neutral in taste.
Q: Is it okay to drink sparkling water if I have acid reflux (GERD)? A: Individuals with GERD or other digestive sensitivities may find that the carbonation exacerbates their symptoms, causing bloating or discomfort. In such cases, switching to non-carbonated water is often recommended.
