The food that astronauts eat is known as 'space food'. This covers a range of food science and engineering. The evolution of space food reflects the progress of space exploration.
The Evolution of Astronaut Cuisine
Early space missions used basic cubes and pureed food from tubes. As missions grew longer, the need for more varied food became apparent. Hot water made freeze-dried foods better, and new packaging allowed for a more traditional eating experience. The ISS and longer missions changed the food system to support the crew. Regular resupply missions now bring fresh produce, and astronauts can have personal 'bonus food'.
Types of Space Food
The astronaut menu uses different food preparation categories to ensure a safe and varied diet.
- Rehydratable Foods: Water has been removed to reduce weight. Astronauts add water before eating.
- Thermostabilized Foods: These are heat-processed to kill pathogens and sealed in pouches or cans. Dishes like meatloaf are in this category.
- Natural Form Foods: These are ready-to-eat items with a long shelf life. Nuts, cookies, and granola bars are included. Regular bread is avoided.
- Intermediate Moisture Foods: These foods have some water content. Beef jerky and dried apricots are examples.
- Irradiated Foods: Some meat and dairy products are sterilized with ionizing radiation.
Challenges of Eating in Space
Eating in microgravity presents challenges that space food must overcome.
- Floating Crumbs: Crumbs could interfere with equipment. Tortillas are used instead of bread.
- Wet Burps: Carbonated beverages are avoided, as the lack of gravity prevents separation.
- Altered Taste: Many astronauts report a dulled sense of taste in space. Spicy foods are popular.
- Psychological Factors: Food provides comfort. Agencies allow personal food choices.
A Comparison of Space Food vs. Earth Food
| Aspect | Space Food | Earth Food |
|---|---|---|
| Preparation | Rehydration or heating. | Cooking methods |
| Packaging | Sealed pouches. | Variable packaging. |
| Form | Freeze-dried, thermostabilized. | Fresh, frozen, canned goods. |
| Shelf Life | Months to years. | Days to weeks. |
| Gravity Effects | Prevents crumbs. | Relies on gravity. |
| Menu Variety | Pre-selected menus. | Unlimited options. |
Who Makes Astronaut Food?
Food for American astronauts is developed at the NASA Space Food Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center. Scientists, dietitians, and engineers ensure the food is safe. Astronauts participate in menu selection about nine months before their mission.
The Future of Space Food
As space exploration moves to destinations like Mars, more advanced food systems are needed. Future plans include food products with a three- to five-year shelf life. Scientists are exploring growing crops in space, with experiments on the ISS. This will allow for fresh food on extended voyages.
Conclusion
'Space food' is a specialized field. From early meals to today's dishes, the evolution of astronaut cuisine has been critical to the success of space missions. Special packaging and nutritional planning combine to ensure that crew members can eat safely while orbiting Earth. The next generation of space food is in development.
Learn more about NASA's Space Food Systems Lab: NASA Facts: Space Food
