Bottled water aisles are filled with options, each with unique claims about its purity and health benefits. However, understanding the true quality of bottled water requires looking past the marketing and at the source, purification process, and mineral content. While tap water is often a safe, economical, and more sustainable option in many regions, bottled water remains a popular choice for convenience and taste. This guide breaks down the science behind different water types to help you find the healthiest option for your specific needs.
The Four Primary Types of Bottled Water
Spring Water
Spring water is collected from an underground formation where water flows naturally to the surface. As it travels through rock and soil, it absorbs naturally occurring minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which give it a distinct flavor.
- Pros: Contains natural, essential minerals that support bodily functions. Often has a pleasant, crisp taste due to its mineral profile.
- Cons: Mineral content can vary greatly depending on the source. While naturally filtered, some spring water may still contain trace amounts of natural contaminants if not properly treated.
Purified Water
Purified water can come from any source, including tap water, but has been treated to remove chemicals and contaminants. Common purification methods include distillation, deionization, and reverse osmosis. This results in water that is extremely pure with a very low Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) count, often less than 10 parts per million (ppm).
- Pros: Removes nearly all impurities, making it consistently safe and clean. Excellent choice for those seeking maximum purity.
- Cons: The purification process also removes naturally occurring minerals, leading to a "flat" taste. Some sources suggest long-term reliance on mineral-deficient water may lead to deficiencies if not balanced with diet, though evidence is limited.
Alkaline Water
Alkaline water has a higher pH level than regular water, typically between 8 and 9.5. This alkalinity can occur naturally, such as from filtering through specific rock formations, or it can be artificially created by adding alkaline minerals or through an ionization process.
- Pros: Proponents suggest it helps neutralize body acidity, potentially benefiting those with acid reflux. Many brands also infuse alkaline water with electrolytes.
- Cons: Scientific evidence supporting many health claims is limited. Excessive intake could potentially lead to side effects like gastrointestinal issues. Naturally alkaline brands like Icelandic Glacial often feature natural minerals, while others add synthetic minerals.
Mineral Water
Mineral water is defined by the FDA as water with at least 250 ppm of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). It must come from a geologically and physically protected underground source and contains natural minerals like calcium, magnesium, and sodium.
- Pros: Naturally rich in beneficial minerals that can support overall health. Can have a moderate to high mineral content, which is great for replenishing electrolytes.
- Cons: Higher mineral content can affect taste, which some may find unappealing. Can be more expensive than other types.
Comparison of Popular Bottled Water Types
| Feature | Spring Water | Purified Water | Alkaline Water | Mineral Water |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Natural underground spring. | Any water source (e.g., tap, ground water). | Natural springs or municipal supply; pH is increased. | Protected underground source. |
| Processing | Minimal processing to preserve natural minerals. | Extensive filtration (RO, distillation, deionization). | Filtration followed by ionization or mineral addition. | Minimal processing to retain natural mineral content. |
| Mineral Content | Varies by source; contains naturally occurring minerals. | Very low (often <10 ppm TDS); minerals are removed. | Added electrolytes for flavor and alkalinity. | Minimum 250 ppm TDS of naturally occurring minerals. |
| pH Level | Generally neutral to naturally alkaline (~7.5-8.0). | Slightly acidic due to mineral removal. | Higher pH, typically 8-9.5. | Varies based on mineral composition. |
| Taste Profile | Crisp and refreshing, depends on mineral composition. | Flat or neutral taste due to lack of minerals. | Often smooth or clean, depending on added electrolytes. | Distinct taste profile influenced by high mineral concentration. |
Considerations Beyond the Water Itself
Packaging
For many health-conscious consumers, the packaging is as important as the contents. Some people are concerned about chemicals leaching from plastic bottles into the water, particularly when exposed to heat. Aluminum cans and glass bottles are often favored as safer alternatives that do not impact the water's purity. Refillable aluminum bottles, such as those from Path Water, also offer a more sustainable option, reducing the environmental impact of single-use plastics.
Regulations and Testing
Bottled water is regulated at federal and often state levels, but the stringency can vary. In the U.S., the FDA sets standards, but third-party certifications from organizations like NSF International and the International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) can offer extra assurance of quality and safety. Checking for these seals can help consumers identify brands that exceed minimum requirements through voluntary testing and inspections.
So, What Is the Healthiest Choice?
There is no single "healthiest" bottled water; the best choice depends on your priorities:
- For Purity: If your primary concern is the complete removal of contaminants, purified water, particularly that processed through reverse osmosis or distillation, is the cleanest option.
- For Natural Minerals: If you prefer water with naturally occurring minerals, high-quality spring or mineral waters like Evian, Fiji, or Icelandic Glacial are excellent choices.
- For pH Balance: If you are interested in trying water with a higher pH, naturally alkaline options like Icelandic Glacial are a great place to start.
- For Sustainability: Choosing brands that offer glass or aluminum packaging, like Path Water or Icelandic Glacial's canned option, is a more eco-friendly approach.
Ultimately, the healthiest water is the one you will drink consistently to stay hydrated. For many, filtering their tap water at home and using a reusable bottle is the most sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly option. However, when purchasing store-bought water, scrutinizing the source, processing, and packaging will help you make the most informed and health-conscious decision.
Conclusion
Deciding what is the healthiest store-bought bottled water is a personal choice based on individual health priorities and preferences. While purified water offers maximum safety from contaminants, natural spring and mineral waters provide beneficial minerals and distinct flavors. Understanding the differences between these types, along with considering factors like packaging and third-party certifications, empowers you to make a better-informed decision for your health and the environment. Regardless of the type you choose, staying hydrated is the most crucial aspect of maintaining good health.
