Understanding the Plastic Recycling Codes
To identify a plastic's type, consumers can check the Resin Identification Code (RIC), the number inside the chasing arrows symbol, usually found on the bottom of a container. While this code is primarily for recycling, it offers clues about the plastic's chemical composition and potential health risks. The numbers generally considered safest for food contact are 1 (for single-use), 2, 4, and 5, while 3, 6, and 7 (with exceptions like Tritan) should be used with caution or avoided, especially near food.
The Safest Plastics for Food and Drink
Several plastic types are recognized for their stability and low potential for chemical leaching, making them preferable choices for repeated food and beverage contact. For ultimate safety, it's always wise to minimize any plastic's exposure to heat and harsh conditions.
- Polypropylene (PP, #5): PP is widely regarded as one of the healthiest and most versatile food-grade plastics. It has a high heat tolerance, making it suitable for microwave-safe reusable containers, yogurt cups, and medicine bottles. It is also naturally BPA-free and resistant to chemical degradation.
- High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE, #2): This durable, opaque plastic is one of the most stable and inert forms used for food contact. HDPE is commonly used for milk jugs, butter tubs, and some food storage containers. It exhibits excellent chemical resistance and is not known to leach toxins into food or beverages.
- Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE, #4): LDPE is a flexible, chemical-resistant, and non-toxic plastic. You'll find it in items like bread bags, squeezable bottles, and some food wraps. LDPE is considered safe for food use, though virgin material is generally recommended over recycled for food applications.
- Tritan Plastic (#7, Other): For a reusable, non-bisphenol option, Tritan co-polyester is an excellent choice. Marked as a #7 due to being a 'miscellaneous' plastic, Tritan is tested and certified free of BPA, BPS, and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals. It is known for its durability and clarity, making it popular for reusable water bottles.
Plastics to Avoid for Healthier Living
Other plastic types are known for potential health risks, especially when heated or worn. These should be avoided for food contact when possible.
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC, #3): Often called the 'poison plastic,' PVC is highly toxic during manufacturing and can leach a variety of harmful chemicals, including phthalates and heavy metals. It should be avoided for all food contact.
- Polystyrene (PS, #6): Used for disposable cutlery, foam cups (Styrofoam), and 'clamshell' takeout containers, PS can leach styrene, particularly when heated. The toxic potential increases with temperature, so hot foods should not be placed in PS containers.
- Polycarbonate (PC, #7) and other #7 Plastics: The 'other' category is a catch-all, but it notoriously includes polycarbonate, which contains BPA, a known endocrine disruptor. Unless a #7 plastic is specifically certified as BPA-free (like Tritan), it is best to avoid it for food contact.
Comparison of Common Food-Contact Plastics
| Plastic Type (RIC) | Primary Health Concerns | Heat Resistance | Common Uses | Safer Alternative? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PETE (#1) | Antimony leaching with heat/reuse | Low (single-use only) | Single-use drink bottles | Yes: Stainless steel, glass, Tritan |
| HDPE (#2) | Low, minimal leaching | Medium | Milk jugs, opaque food tubs | N/A, already a safer option |
| PVC (#3) | High, toxic chemical leaching | Low | Plastic wrap, cling film | Yes: LDPE (#4), beeswax wraps |
| LDPE (#4) | Low, minimal leaching | Medium | Grocery bags, bread bags | N/A, already a safer option |
| PP (#5) | Low, minimal leaching | High | Microwave containers, yogurt cups | N/A, already a safer option |
| PS (#6) | High, styrene leaching when heated | Low | Styrofoam, disposable cutlery | Yes: PP (#5), paper plates |
| PC/Other (#7) | Potential BPA/BPS leaching | Varies | Reusable water bottles, baby bottles | Yes: Glass, stainless steel, Tritan |
Practices for Minimizing Plastic-Related Health Risks
- Minimize Microwaving Plastic: Heat dramatically increases the rate at which plastics leach chemicals into food. Even if a container is labeled "microwave-safe," experts recommend transferring food to glass or ceramic before heating.
- Avoid Reusing Single-Use Plastics: Items like PETE (#1) water bottles are designed for a single use. Over time, their material can degrade, increasing the risk of chemical leaching, especially if stored in heat or sunlight, like a car.
- Don't Put Hot Food in Plastic Containers: Pouring hot liquids or leftovers into any plastic container can cause chemicals to transfer into your food. Always allow food to cool to room temperature before storage.
- Look for the "Food Safe" Symbol: While not always present, the food-safe symbol (a wine glass and a fork) can indicate that a product is approved for food contact. However, this does not guarantee it is free of endocrine disruptors.
- Choose Alternatives When Possible: Glass, stainless steel, and food-grade silicone containers are excellent, long-lasting, and non-leaching alternatives to plastic. Silicone, in particular, is highly durable and heat-resistant.
- Replace Worn-Out Containers: Replace any plastic containers that show signs of wear and tear, such as scratches, discoloration, or warping. These are signs of material degradation that can increase the risk of leaching.
For more information on chemical contaminants in food, consult the reputable independent research published by Consumer Reports.
Conclusion
While avoiding plastic entirely can be difficult, making informed choices is a practical step toward a healthier lifestyle. The best strategy is to prioritize plastics #5 (PP), #2 (HDPE), and certified BPA/BPS-free #7 (Tritan) for food and beverage contact, particularly for reusable items. The most crucial action is to never heat plastic containers, regardless of their safety rating. When in doubt, or for maximum safety, switch to non-plastic alternatives like glass or stainless steel. By understanding the recycling codes and following safe-use practices, you can significantly reduce your exposure to potentially harmful plastic chemicals.
