A healthy body requires trace amounts of copper for various functions, including nerve health and iron metabolism. However, an excess of this mineral, known as hypercupremia or copper toxicity, can be extremely harmful. The most common cause is a genetic disorder called Wilson's disease, but other factors like diet and environmental exposure can also contribute. If a blood or urine test reveals high copper levels, working with a medical professional is the critical first step toward diagnosis and treatment.
The Importance of Professional Medical Diagnosis
Why You Need a Doctor
Self-diagnosing and attempting to manage high copper levels can be dangerous. A healthcare provider will perform a comprehensive evaluation to determine the underlying cause and extent of the condition. This may involve blood tests to check ceruloplasmin levels (a protein that carries copper), a 24-hour urine collection test, or a liver biopsy to measure copper concentration. For Wilson's disease, genetic testing may also be necessary. Only after a proper diagnosis can a safe and effective treatment plan be established.
Medical Treatments for High Copper Levels
Chelating Agents
Chelation therapy is a primary treatment for removing excess copper. Medications known as chelating agents, such as D-penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) and Trientine (Syprine), bind to copper in the bloodstream and facilitate its excretion through urine. This treatment is typically initiated with higher doses to reduce copper buildup, and then a lower, lifelong maintenance dose is prescribed once levels stabilize.
Zinc Therapy
Zinc acts antagonistically to copper, meaning it can reduce copper absorption in the intestines. It does this by stimulating the production of a protein called metallothionein, which binds copper and prevents it from being absorbed into the bloodstream. Zinc is often used as a maintenance therapy after chelation or for presymptomatic individuals with Wilson's disease. Supplements are usually taken on an empty stomach to maximize their effect.
In Acute Cases
In severe instances of acute copper poisoning, emergency medical treatment may be necessary. This could include stomach pumping (gastric lavage) to remove unabsorbed copper or hemodialysis to filter the blood in cases involving kidney damage.
Dietary Management: A Low-Copper Diet
Diet plays a significant role in managing copper levels, particularly with conditions like Wilson's disease. Certain foods are naturally high in copper and must be avoided or severely limited. Conversely, some foods are low in copper and can be consumed safely.
Here is a list of foods to avoid and incorporate into a low-copper diet:
High-Copper Foods (Avoid):
- Organ meats (e.g., liver)
- Shellfish (e.g., lobster, oysters, clams)
- Chocolate and cocoa products
- Nuts and seeds
- Mushrooms
- Dried beans and lentils
- Whole-grain products and wheat bran
- Avocados
- Commercially dried fruits
Low-Copper Foods (Safe):
- White bread, white pasta, white rice
- Vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, carrots, celery, cucumbers
- Fruits like apples, bananas, peaches, strawberries, watermelon
- Eggs and white meat chicken/turkey
- Most dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt)
Comparison: High vs. Low Copper Food Choices
| Food Category | High-Copper Choices (Avoid) | Low-Copper Choices (Eat) |
|---|---|---|
| Protein | Liver, shellfish, dried beans | Eggs, white meat poultry, some fish (cod) |
| Grains | Whole wheat, wheat bran cereal | White bread, white rice, oat cereals |
| Snacks | Chocolate, nuts, trail mix | Cottage cheese, apples, carrots |
| Beverages | Cocoa drinks, some mineral water | Cow's milk, fruit juice, tap water (flushed) |
| Vegetables | Mushrooms, potatoes with skin | Broccoli, cauliflower, green beans |
Addressing Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Beyond diet, other sources of copper exposure can contribute to high levels. Being aware of these can further support a treatment plan.
Water Contamination
If your home has copper pipes, especially in older or newly renovated buildings, copper can leach into the drinking water. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends running the cold tap for at least 15 seconds before using water that has been stagnant for several hours. You may also consider filtering your water or having it professionally tested for copper levels if you suspect an issue.
Cookware
Copper cookware can also be a source of dietary copper, particularly when cooking acidic foods. It is recommended to avoid using copper pots, pans, or utensils if you have high copper levels.
High Copper and Low Zinc: A Critical Imbalance
As mentioned, copper and zinc are antagonistic minerals. An imbalance, specifically a high copper-to-zinc ratio, can cause a range of health issues, including neurological and mental health symptoms. Many behavioral and neurological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and learning difficulties, have been linked to this imbalance. Addressing this ratio through zinc supplementation, as directed by a doctor, is a key part of the overall treatment strategy.
Conclusion: A Lifelong Management Plan
Finding out what to do if copper levels are high involves a serious and comprehensive approach under medical supervision. It begins with an accurate diagnosis to identify the root cause, which in many cases is Wilson's disease. Treatment is typically lifelong and combines chelating agents to remove existing copper and zinc supplements to prevent future absorption. Dietary changes are also a cornerstone of management, focusing on avoiding high-copper foods like liver, shellfish, and chocolate. By addressing these medical, nutritional, and environmental aspects, individuals can effectively manage their condition and prevent the severe organ and neurological damage that can result from copper toxicity.
Learn more
For detailed guidance on dietary management, consult the Wilson Disease Association's resource: Copper Conscious Eating.
