What to eat when recovering from sepsis? Your guide to optimal nutrition

October 9, 2025 •

4 min read

Approximately one in three adult patients hospitalized with sepsis experience significant weight and muscle loss due to increased metabolism and protein breakdown. Learning what to eat when recovering from sepsis is critical for reversing this catabolic state and supporting a strong recovery.

Quick Summary

A high-protein, calorie-dense diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables is vital for sepsis recovery. Strategies like small, frequent meals and nutrient-dense snacks help combat common issues like appetite loss.

Key Points

High Protein Intake: Crucial for rebuilding lost muscle mass and supporting immune function after sepsis.
Boost Calories and Energy: Counteract significant weight loss and fatigue with energy-dense meals and snacks, especially when appetite is low.
Hydrate Constantly: Drink plenty of fluids like water and electrolyte-rich beverages to combat dehydration and support overall recovery.
Manage Appetite Changes: Combat loss of appetite by eating smaller, more frequent meals and focusing on nutrient-dense foods that are easy to eat.
Focus on Micronutrients: Ensure adequate intake of vitamins (C, D) and minerals (Zinc) through diet or supplements to support immunity and tissue repair.
Prioritize Food Safety: Avoid raw or uncooked foods to prevent repeat infections, as the immune system may be compromised during recovery.
Consider Supplements: Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) or other forms of nutritional support may be necessary if oral intake alone is insufficient.

The recovery from sepsis is a marathon, not a sprint, and proper nutrition is a cornerstone of this journey. During the acute phase of sepsis, the body enters a hypermetabolic, catabolic state, breaking down muscle and other tissues for energy to fight the infection. This often leads to significant weight and muscle loss. The goal of nutrition after sepsis is to reverse this process, rebuild strength, and support the immune system. This requires a strategic approach focusing on adequate protein, energy, and micronutrient intake while managing potential side effects like appetite changes and digestive issues.

The Three Pillars of Post-Sepsis Nutrition

Prioritizing protein for muscle and tissue repair

Protein is the building block for new tissue and muscle, making it paramount for recovery from sepsis-induced muscle wasting. Experts suggest a significantly higher protein intake than normal, potentially ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight, depending on individual needs. To meet this high demand, focus on lean, easily digestible protein sources at every meal and snack.

Recommended High-Protein Foods:

Lean Meats: Cooked chicken or turkey (skin removed), and lean cuts of beef.
Fish and Seafood: Salmon, tuna, and other fatty fish provide both protein and anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids.
Dairy Products: Greek yogurt, cottage cheese, milk, and smoothies made with whey or casein protein.
Eggs: Scrambled, boiled, or poached eggs are a versatile source of protein.
Legumes: Lentils, beans, and tofu are excellent plant-based protein options.

Boosting energy to counteract weight loss and fatigue

Fatigue and significant weight loss are common after sepsis. A calorie-dense diet helps restore lost weight and provides the energy needed for physical therapy and daily activities. When appetite is low, focus on energy-rich, smaller, more frequent meals. Healthy fats and whole grains can contribute essential calories and nutrients.

Sources of Healthy Energy:

Whole Grains: Brown rice, oatmeal, and whole-grain breads provide fiber and sustained energy.
Healthy Fats: Include avocado, nuts, seeds, and olive oil in meals and snacks to boost calorie intake.
Smoothies: A nutrient-packed smoothie with yogurt, fruit, and nut butter is an easy way to consume calories and protein.

Incorporating key vitamins and minerals

Sepsis can cause micronutrient deficiencies that impair immune function and recovery. Supplementing through a balanced diet is crucial.

Vitamin C: Found in citrus fruits, red peppers, and broccoli, this powerful antioxidant supports healing and immunity.
Vitamin D: Sources include fatty fish, eggs, and fortified milk. Getting some sunlight exposure is also beneficial.
Zinc and Selenium: These minerals are important for immune function and can be found in lean meats, nuts, and seeds.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Critical for energy metabolism, thiamine can be found in whole grains, milk products, and leafy vegetables.

Overcoming Challenges: Managing Appetite and Digestive Issues

It is common to experience a loss of appetite, changes in taste, or other gastrointestinal issues during recovery. Implementing a few strategies can make a significant difference.

Eat Little and Often: Instead of three large meals, try six smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day.
Focus on Nutrients: Choose foods that pack the most nutritional punch in a smaller serving size.
Experiment with Flavors: A metallic taste or lack of taste is common. Try adding herbs and spices to make food more appealing. Lemon water can help cut through metallic tastes.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water and other unsweetened beverages. Broth-based soups can also help with both hydration and nutrient intake.
Go Gentle: If your stomach is sensitive, stick to bland, easily digestible foods like plain toast, crackers, or bananas until your appetite returns.

Comparison of Recovery Diet vs. Typical Diet


Feature	Sepsis Recovery Diet	Typical Healthy Diet
Primary Focus	High energy (calories) and protein to rebuild muscle and regain weight.	Balanced macronutrients, maintaining weight, and overall health.
Protein Intake	High, often 1.2–2.0 g/kg of body weight to counteract catabolism.	Moderate, typically 0.8 g/kg of body weight for maintenance.
Meal Pattern	Small, frequent meals (6 per day) to manage low appetite and maximize intake.	Standard 3 main meals, with optional snacks.
Calorie Density	High, focusing on nutrient-dense foods to boost energy and promote weight gain.	Appropriate for individual energy expenditure, avoiding excess calories.
Foods to Avoid	Highly processed, sugary, and raw/uncooked foods due to weakened immunity.	Processed and junk foods in moderation.
Supplements	Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) often recommended to meet high calorie and protein needs.	Generally not required if diet is balanced, unless there is a specific deficiency.

Conclusion

Nutrition is an indispensable part of sepsis recovery, directly impacting the body's ability to heal, rebuild muscle, and restore immune function. By prioritizing high-protein, calorie-dense, and micronutrient-rich foods, individuals can effectively combat the significant muscle wasting and fatigue associated with post-sepsis syndrome. Addressing common challenges like a poor appetite with smart strategies like small, frequent meals is also critical. Always consult with a healthcare provider or dietitian to create a personalized nutrition plan, especially if managing pre-existing conditions or if oral intake is severely limited. A thoughtful dietary approach is a powerful tool for rebuilding strength and promoting a full recovery after surviving sepsis. For more information on managing recovery, visit the CDC's guide at the CDC website.

Frequently Asked Questions

Sepsis causes a catabolic state where the body breaks down its own protein stores, particularly in skeletal muscle, to fuel its immune response. Increased protein intake is vital to reverse this process, helping to rebuild lost muscle mass and support the synthesis of new cells and immune components needed for recovery.

It is common to have a reduced appetite after sepsis. Try eating smaller, more frequent meals and focusing on energy-dense foods. Nutrient-packed smoothies, nuts, seeds, and avocado can provide a significant calorie boost without requiring large meal volumes.

Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are often recommended, especially if you are not eating enough to meet your body's high energy and protein needs during recovery. In some cases, healthcare providers may recommend tube feeding or parenteral nutrition if oral intake is severely limited.

Key micronutrients include Vitamin C and D for immune support, as well as minerals like zinc and selenium. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is also important for energy metabolism. A varied diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins helps cover these needs.

Sepsis can cause a metallic taste or other taste changes. For nausea, try bland, dry foods like crackers and plain toast. Adding different herbs and spices to meals can help with taste changes, and drinking lemon water might counteract a metallic taste.

It is best to avoid highly processed foods, sugary drinks, and greasy, oily foods, which can increase inflammation and be hard on the digestive system. As your immune system may be weaker, it is also important to avoid raw or uncooked foods like certain juices, meats, or eggs to prevent reinfection.

Recovery time varies greatly among individuals. The metabolic effects of sepsis can persist for months to years, meaning consistent, high-protein, and high-calorie nutrition is needed for an extended period to fully restore lost weight and muscle mass. Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is important.

Gentle, light exercise is beneficial for maintaining mobility and building strength, but it should be done gradually and in consultation with your doctor. Your energy levels and muscle tone will not be the same as before, so it's important to pace yourself and not push too hard.