What Vitamin Deficiency Causes You to Feel Numb? And Other Causes

According to research published by Harvard Health, vitamin B12 deficiency is a relatively common condition, especially among older people, that can cause neurological symptoms including numbness. This article explores the key nutritional causes behind peripheral neuropathy, helping you understand what vitamin deficiency causes you to feel numb.

Quick Summary

Several vitamin deficiencies can cause numbness by damaging the nervous system. The most common culprit is vitamin B12 deficiency, but deficiencies in vitamins B1, B6, and E also play a role in nerve-related issues and neurological symptoms.

Key Points

• Vitamin B12 is the most common cause: A deficiency in vitamin B12 is a primary reason for nerve damage that leads to numbness and tingling.

• Multiple vitamins are involved: Deficiencies in vitamins B1, B6, and E can also cause peripheral neuropathy and a feeling of numbness.

• Mechanism involves nerve damage: Numbness from vitamin deficiency often results from damage to the myelin sheath, the protective layer surrounding nerves.

• Diet and absorption are key: Deficiencies can arise from insufficient dietary intake or problems with nutrient absorption caused by various health conditions.

• Early diagnosis is crucial: Prompt diagnosis via blood tests and evaluation by a doctor is vital to prevent potentially irreversible nerve damage.

• Treatment is often effective: Depending on the cause, deficiencies can be treated with injections, oral supplements, and dietary adjustments to relieve symptoms.

The Primary Culprit: Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is critical for the proper functioning of the nervous system and the creation of red blood cells. When an individual is deficient in B12, the protective layer surrounding the nerves, called the myelin sheath, can be damaged. This damage leads to a variety of neurological issues, including the sensation of numbness and tingling, also known as paresthesia.

How B12 Deficiency Affects the Nerves

The degradation of the myelin sheath leaves nerve fibers vulnerable and unable to transmit signals correctly. This impaired nerve signaling is what translates into feelings of numbness or the classic 'pins and needles' sensation. The symptoms often begin in the hands and feet but can spread to other parts of the body. If left untreated, the nerve damage can become permanent.

Common causes of B12 deficiency include:

• Pernicious Anemia: An autoimmune condition where the body cannot produce intrinsic factor, a protein needed for B12 absorption.
• Dietary Restrictions: Vegans and strict vegetarians are at higher risk because B12 is primarily found in animal products.
• Gastric Surgery: Procedures that remove parts of the stomach can reduce the production of intrinsic factor.
• Intestinal Conditions: Diseases like Crohn's and celiac disease can impair absorption.
• Age: Older adults often have lower stomach acid, which is necessary for B12 absorption.

Other Vitamin Deficiencies Linked to Numbness

While B12 is the most well-known cause, several other vitamin deficiencies can contribute to nerve damage and numbness, often as a component of broader neurological syndromes.

• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): A prolonged deficiency can lead to a condition called beriberi, which can cause peripheral neuropathy with symmetrical motor and sensory changes. Symptoms include a prickling sensation in the toes, a burning sensation in the feet, and muscle weakness.
• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Both a deficiency and an excess of vitamin B6 can cause neuropathy. When levels are too low, it can disrupt nerve function, but excessively high doses from supplements can also cause nerve damage.
• Vitamin E: As a powerful antioxidant, vitamin E protects nerve cells from oxidative damage. A deficiency can lead to nerve fiber damage, resulting in numbness and tingling. It is most common in individuals with fat malabsorption disorders.
• Folate (Vitamin B9): Folate deficiency, like B12, can cause megaloblastic anemia and peripheral neuropathy. It is particularly important to distinguish it from a B12 deficiency because supplementing with folate can mask an underlying B12 issue, allowing neurological damage to worsen.

Comparing Vitamin Deficiencies and Neurological Effects

Vitamin	Primary Neurological Effect	Common Associated Symptoms	At-Risk Populations
B12 (Cobalamin)	Damages myelin sheath, causing nerve signal disruption.	Tingling, numbness, balance problems, memory issues, fatigue.	Vegans, older adults, those with digestive disorders.
B1 (Thiamine)	Can lead to beriberi, affecting peripheral nerves.	Prickling or burning feet, muscle weakness, irritability.	Alcoholics, bariatric surgery patients, poor nutritional intake.
B6 (Pyridoxine)	Both deficiency and excess can cause neuropathy.	Tingling, numbness, pain.	Poor diet, alcoholism; also supplement overconsumption.
E (Tocopherol)	Nerve fiber damage due to oxidative stress.	Numbness, muscle weakness, coordination and vision problems.	Individuals with fat malabsorption disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis).
B9 (Folate)	Can cause peripheral neuropathy and megaloblastic anemia.	Fatigue, diarrhea, a smooth tongue.	Those with intestinal issues, excessive alcohol use, certain medications.

How to Get a Diagnosis

If you experience persistent numbness or tingling, it is crucial to consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis. A doctor can evaluate your symptoms and determine if a vitamin deficiency is the cause.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of methods:

• Blood Tests: A complete blood count (CBC) and specific vitamin level measurements (e.g., B12, B1, E) can help identify deficiencies. Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is sometimes used as a more sensitive marker for B12 levels.
• Physical Exam: A doctor will perform a thorough physical evaluation, checking for reflexes, muscle weakness, and sensory loss.
• Nerve Conduction Studies: Tests like electromyography (EMG) can assess nerve function and confirm the presence of neuropathy.
• Symptom History: A detailed discussion of your symptoms and dietary habits can provide important clues.

Treatment and Dietary Changes

Treating a vitamin deficiency is generally straightforward and focuses on correcting the nutritional imbalance. The treatment approach depends on the specific vitamin and the cause of the deficiency.

Vitamin B12 Treatment

• Injections: For those with absorption issues like pernicious anemia, regular B12 injections (hydroxocobalamin) are often required for life. For those with neurological symptoms, injections may be more frequent initially.
• Oral Supplements: If the deficiency is diet-related, high-dose oral supplements may be prescribed.
• Dietary Adjustments: Incorporating B12-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy is essential. Fortified cereals and nutritional yeast are options for vegetarians and vegans.

Other Vitamin Treatments

• Vitamin B1: Supplements are the main treatment. A healthcare professional may recommend oral thiamine or address lifestyle factors like excessive alcohol consumption.
• Vitamin B6: For deficiencies, increasing dietary intake or controlled supplementation is key. In cases of excess, discontinuing the high-dose supplement is necessary.
• Vitamin E: Treatment often involves addressing the underlying malabsorption issue and supplementing with vitamin E.
• Folate: Daily folic acid tablets are typically used to correct a deficiency. Ensuring B12 levels are also checked is vital.

Conclusion

While numbness can stem from various causes, a vitamin deficiency, particularly in vitamin B12, is a significant and treatable factor. Proper nerve function relies on a balanced intake of several vitamins, including B1, B6, E, and folate. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking a timely diagnosis is crucial for preventing irreversible nerve damage. If you experience persistent numbness, consulting a healthcare provider is the best course of action. They can help determine the specific cause and recommend an effective treatment plan to restore nerve health and alleviate symptoms.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment. Cleveland Clinic Health Information, My.ClevelandClinic.org

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most common vitamin deficiency that causes numbness?

The most common vitamin deficiency associated with causing numbness and tingling is a lack of vitamin B12, or cobalamin.

Can low vitamin B6 cause numbness?

Yes, both a deficiency and an excess of vitamin B6 can be linked to peripheral neuropathy and numbness.

How do I know if my numbness is caused by a vitamin deficiency?

A doctor can order specific blood tests to measure your vitamin levels to determine if a deficiency is the cause. They will also perform a physical exam and discuss your symptoms.

What other symptoms accompany numbness from a B12 deficiency?

In addition to numbness, a vitamin B12 deficiency can cause fatigue, memory issues, balance problems, muscle weakness, and a swollen or sore tongue.

Who is most at risk for vitamin deficiencies that cause numbness?

Individuals following vegan or strict vegetarian diets, older adults, people with digestive disorders like Crohn's or celiac disease, and those who have had gastric surgery are at a higher risk.

Can numbness from a vitamin deficiency be reversed?

In many cases, treating the underlying vitamin deficiency can resolve symptoms. However, if the nerve damage is severe and has persisted for a long time, it may be irreversible.

Besides vitamins, what are other causes of numbness?

Many other medical conditions can cause numbness, including diabetes, nerve compression, autoimmune disorders, and infections. It is important to get a proper diagnosis from a healthcare professional.