A History of Prohibition: Why Gooseberries Were Once Banned
The reason for the gooseberry's low profile in the United States is rooted in a fascinating piece of ecological and economic history. In the early 1900s, it was discovered that plants in the Ribes genus, which includes gooseberries and currants, served as an alternate host for the white pine blister rust. This aggressive fungal disease is deadly to white pine trees, which were, and still are, a significant part of the U.S. timber industry. To protect the economically vital white pine forests, the federal government enacted a nationwide ban on the cultivation of Ribes species. This ban remained in effect for decades, during which time Americans largely forgot about the fruit, and breeding programs stagnated.
The Shift to State-Level Jurisdiction
In 1966, the federal ban was lifted, and the authority to regulate Ribes cultivation was handed over to individual states. Most states chose to allow cultivation, especially of rust-resistant varieties, but some, particularly in the Northeast, maintained or modified their restrictions. This patchwork of state laws has contributed to the lingering confusion and limited availability of gooseberries compared to their European counterparts.
State-by-State Regulations for Growing Gooseberries
If you are considering growing gooseberries, it is crucial to check the specific regulations in your state and even your local municipality. While many states welcome these plants, some still have outright bans, require permits, or have restrictions based on specific varieties.
- Maine: The state has specific restrictions due to the importance of the white pine economy, with cultivation banned in many counties and blackcurrants banned statewide.
- Massachusetts: Blackcurrants are banned, and other Ribes species require a permit in certain areas.
- New Hampshire: A permit is required to grow gooseberries and currants.
- North Carolina: The genus Ribes is not permitted for cultivation or import.
- Checking Locally: Before planting, it is always best to contact your local university extension office or state department of agriculture to confirm the latest regulations.
Finding Fresh and Processed Gooseberries in the USA
Despite the historical and regional limitations, finding gooseberries is possible for determined consumers. The berries are most readily available during their summer season, typically from May through August, with a peak in July.
Where to look:
- Farmers' Markets and Farm Stands: These are excellent places to find fresh, locally grown gooseberries. Search for local U-pick operations for a hands-on harvesting experience.
- Online Retailers: For those outside of growing regions, online stores and specialty food websites are a great resource for fresh, frozen, or canned options.
- Specialty Grocery Stores: Some specialty and ethnic food markets, particularly those with Indian groceries, may carry fresh or frozen gooseberries (amla).
- Canned and Frozen Goods: Many regular grocery stores carry canned gooseberries, pie fillings, or jams.
Important Distinction: Be aware of the difference between true gooseberries (Ribes) and other fruits that share the name, such as Cape gooseberries (Physalis peruviana), which are often found at retailers like Trader Joe's.
Popular Gooseberry Varieties in the US
Today, many commercially available varieties are either American cultivars or hybrids developed to be more resistant to mildew and rust. Here is a comparison of common types:
| Feature | American Gooseberry (Ribes hirtellum) | European Gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa) |
|---|---|---|
| Disease Resistance | Excellent mildew resistance | More susceptible to mildew and rusts |
| Fruit Size | Smaller fruit, often borne in clusters | Larger fruit, often considered more flavorful |
| Yield | Can be very productive and vigorous | Varies by cultivar; some offer high yields |
| Examples | 'Pixwell', 'Poorman', 'Jahns Prairie' | 'Hinnomaki Red', 'Invicta', 'Captivator' |
For more detailed information on sourcing and production, the Agricultural Marketing Resource Center offers valuable resources on specialty crops like gooseberries.
The Gooseberry's Comeback Continues
As the decades-old stigma fades and more rust-resistant varieties become available, gooseberries are finding their way back into the hearts and kitchens of Americans. The increase in local food movements and specialty farming has paved the way for small-scale growers and home gardeners to reintroduce this fruit to a new generation. From fresh pies and jams to wines and savory dishes, the gooseberry's tangy flavor profile is proving its versatility all over again. While availability may still be regional or seasonal, the fruit is no longer a forbidden relic, but a re-emerging delicacy for those who seek it out.
Conclusion
In summary, gooseberries are indeed available in the USA, a fact that may surprise those who know of their notorious past. The nationwide ban is a historical footnote, though its legacy continues through state-level restrictions in some areas. Consumers can find fresh berries seasonally at farmers' markets, year-round frozen or canned options from specialty retailers, or purchase disease-resistant varieties to cultivate themselves in compliant states. The story of the gooseberry is a testament to the resilience of both a fruit and a growing demand for diverse, flavorful foods.
