The name "butterfly flower" can refer to several different species, and the edibility of each is vastly different. While some are a cherished culinary ingredient, others can cause mild discomfort, and at least one is outright toxic. This guide will clear up the confusion by detailing the three most common plants associated with the name and their safety for human consumption.
The Edible Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea)
This is the plant most people refer to when discussing edible butterfly flowers. Native to Southeast Asia, the butterfly pea is a climbing vine known for its striking, deep-blue flowers. Not only are the flowers edible, but the entire plant, including the leaves, young shoots, and tender pods, can be consumed when prepared properly.
The vibrant blue petals are rich in antioxidants called anthocyanins, which are responsible for the plant's potential health benefits, such as promoting skin health and stabilizing blood sugar. A unique feature is its color-changing ability: adding citrus juice, such as lemon or lime, turns a blue infusion into a purplish-pink color.
Common Culinary Uses:
- Herbal Tea: Often referred to as "blue tea," the dried flowers are steeped in hot water for a mild, earthy beverage.
- Natural Food Coloring: The flowers create a beautiful blue dye used to color rice, desserts, and cocktails.
- Salads and Garnishes: Fresh petals can be used to add color and mild flavor to salads.
The Non-Edible Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii)
Despite its name, the butterfly bush is not edible for humans or pets. The common confusion comes from its immense popularity as a landscaping plant specifically grown to attract butterflies with its nectar-rich flowers. While not considered highly toxic, it should not be ingested. Consuming a large quantity of any part of the plant may cause an upset stomach.
Unlike the butterfly pea, the butterfly bush's purpose is purely ornamental and as a food source for butterflies, not people. Gardeners are often warned about its invasive nature in some regions, rather than its toxicity.
The Toxic Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)
This is a critical plant to distinguish from the edible butterfly pea. Butterfly weed is a type of milkweed and is toxic to humans and most animals. It is essential for monarch butterfly caterpillars, which feed on its leaves containing toxic cardiac glycosides. These toxins provide a defense mechanism against predators. However, they can cause serious poisoning in humans and pets if ingested, even in small amounts.
Symptoms of milkweed poisoning can include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Weakness and lethargy
- Irregular heartbeat
- In severe cases, seizures and heart failure.
It is highly recommended to wear gloves when handling milkweed plants, as the milky sap can cause skin irritation. Parents and pet owners should ensure children and animals do not consume any part of this plant.
Comparison of Common "Butterfly Flowers"
| Feature | Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) | Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii) | Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edibility for Humans | Yes, edible. | No, not edible. | No, toxic. |
| Appearance | Deep blue or purple flower on a vine. | Clusters of small pink, purple, or white flowers on a large shrub. | Clusters of vibrant yellow, orange, or red flowers on an upright perennial. |
| Toxicity Level | Generally safe in moderation. | Not considered toxic, but not for consumption. | Toxic; contains cardiac glycosides. |
| Habitat | Tropical Asia, grown on trellises. | Ornamental garden shrub. | Native to North America; fields, meadows. |
| Pollinator Benefit | Attracts butterflies. | Primarily attracts butterflies. | Host plant for monarch caterpillars; source of nectar for adult butterflies. |
| Safety Precaution | Use in moderation; research any contraindications. | Prevent ingestion, especially by children. | Avoid all ingestion; use gloves when handling. |
The Importance of Proper Identification
The most important takeaway is that the blanket term "butterfly flower" is misleading. Before consuming any part of a plant, you must be 100% certain of its exact species. The vibrant blue Clitoria ternatea is a safe, antioxidant-rich addition to drinks and meals, but other plants that attract butterflies, such as the ornamental Buddleja davidii or the poisonous Asclepias tuberosa, pose risks if consumed.
Gardeners should always exercise caution, especially when plants are grown near edible gardens. For more information on growing edible plants and proper identification, you can visit reliable sources like the University of Florida's IFAS Extension website. When in doubt, it is always safer to abstain from eating a flower unless you have positively identified it as a safe, edible variety.
Conclusion
In summary, while the butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) is a confirmed edible species with several health benefits, the term "butterfly flower" covers several species, including the non-edible butterfly bush and the toxic butterfly weed. Never assume edibility based on the plant's common name or its appeal to butterflies. For safe enjoyment, only consume flowers from positively identified, trusted sources and always consult a healthcare professional before incorporating new herbal products into your diet.
