How do you avoid sulfites in wine?

According to the FDA, less than 1% of the U.S. population has a true sulfite sensitivity, a condition that can trigger allergy-like symptoms. For this small group, and others who prefer to minimize additives, understanding how to navigate the world of wine labels is essential for enjoying a glass without concern.

Quick Summary

Learn how to minimize sulfite intake in wine by identifying organic and low-sulfite options, understanding labels, and exploring alternatives for sensitive drinkers.

Key Points

• Check for USDA Organic Certification: A bottle with the USDA Organic seal means no sulfites were added during production, making it the lowest-sulfite option.

• Understand Natural and Biodynamic Wines: These minimal-intervention approaches typically result in lower sulfite levels, though they are not always legally certified as "no added sulfites."

• Red Wines Often Have Fewer Added Sulfites: Contrary to a common misconception, red wines often contain fewer added sulfites than white wines due to the preservative effect of tannins.

• Sweetness and Sulfites Go Together: Sweet wines require more sulfites to prevent re-fermentation, so opting for dry varieties can reduce your sulfite intake.

• Use Filtration or Drops for Extra Security: For those with a confirmed sensitivity, specialized products can be used to further reduce or eliminate free sulfites in a glass of wine.

• Symptoms Are Often Misattributed: Headaches are rarely caused by sulfites; other compounds like histamines, or simply dehydration, are more likely culprits for most people.

Understanding Sulfites in Wine

Sulfites, or sulfur dioxide ($$SO_2$$), are naturally occurring compounds that are also frequently added to wine. They serve as a preservative, protecting the wine from oxidation and inhibiting the growth of unwanted bacteria and wild yeast. Every bottle of wine contains some level of sulfites, as they are a natural byproduct of the fermentation process. The key to avoiding them, or at least reducing your exposure, is to understand the difference between naturally occurring sulfites and those that are added by the winemaker.

The "Contains Sulfites" Label

In the United States, regulations require any wine containing 10 parts per million (ppm) or more of sulfites to bear a "contains sulfites" label. This means nearly all wines, including organic ones, will carry this warning. However, the label does not specify the amount, which can range significantly between conventional and minimally processed wines. Some wines may have levels well over 100 ppm, while others fall below the legal limit for added sulfites.

Finding Low-Sulfite and No-Added-Sulfite Wines

For those looking to reduce their sulfite intake, several options exist. The terms used on labels can be confusing, but a few key indicators can help you choose.

• USDA Certified Organic Wine: In the U.S., a wine labeled as "Organic" with the USDA seal must contain only naturally occurring sulfites, which means no additional sulfites were added during winemaking. These wines are an excellent choice for those seeking the lowest possible sulfite levels.
• "Made with Organic Grapes" Wine: This label indicates that the grapes were grown organically, but winemakers were still permitted to add sulfites during production. The sulfite levels are lower than in conventional wines but higher than in USDA-certified organic wine.
• Natural Wine: While there is no official legal definition, natural wines are generally made with minimal intervention and often have little to no added sulfites. Winemakers rely on natural, indigenous yeasts and minimal processing. The result can be a wine with a low total sulfite content, though consistency may vary between bottles.
• Biodynamic Wine: This approach takes organic farming principles further, treating the vineyard as a single, self-sustaining ecosystem. Biodynamic wines are certified by organizations like Demeter or Biodyvin and have stricter limits on added sulfites than conventional wines, though they are not required to be sulfite-free.

Comparison of Wine Types and Sulfite Levels

Wine Type	Added Sulfites Permitted	Overall Sulfite Level	Labeling Guidance
Conventional Wine	Yes, up to 350 ppm (U.S.)	Can be very high	"Contains Sulfites"
EU Organic Wine	Yes, up to 100-150 ppm (depending on type)	Lower than conventional	EU Organic Logo; "Contains Sulfites"
USDA Organic Wine	No added sulfites (<10 ppm)	Lowest	USDA Organic Seal; "Contains Sulfites"
Natural Wine	Generally none or minimal (<30 ppm)	Varies, but typically low	No official label; depends on producer
Biodynamic Wine	Yes, up to 100 ppm	Lower than conventional	Demeter or Biodyvin logo

Practical Steps to Reduce Sulfite Exposure

Beyond selecting specific wine types, several strategies can further help minimize your sulfite intake.

• Use a Wine Filter or Purifier: Products like filters and drops are available that claim to remove sulfites from wine instantly. For individuals with sensitivity, these can offer an added layer of protection. Always follow the product's instructions carefully.
• Choose Red Wine Over White: Contrary to popular belief, red wines typically contain fewer added sulfites than white wines. The tannins in red wine act as a natural antioxidant, reducing the need for winemakers to add extra sulfur dioxide for preservation.
• Drink Dry Wines: Sweet and semi-sweet wines generally have higher sulfite levels. This is because sugar is food for bacteria and yeast, and winemakers add more sulfites to prevent undesirable secondary fermentation in the bottle.
• Check the Vintage: As a general rule, a younger wine requires fewer sulfites than an older one. If you are drinking a low-sulfite wine, consuming it sooner rather than later is often recommended due to its shorter shelf life.
• Read the Back Label: Winemakers who are committed to minimal intervention or who add no sulfites will often state it prominently on the bottle. Look for phrases such as "no added sulfites" or "no added SO2".

Are Sulfites Really the Problem?

Many people attribute wine headaches to sulfites, but this is a common myth. The vast majority of people can consume sulfites without issue, and other compounds are more likely to blame for adverse reactions. The Cleveland Clinic reports that a true sulfite sensitivity is most common among individuals with asthma. Potential culprits for wine headaches may include histamines, tannins, and dehydration. If you experience a reaction, tracking your symptoms and speaking with a doctor can help determine the actual cause.

Conclusion

While avoiding sulfites in wine completely is impossible due to their natural occurrence, minimizing your intake is a very achievable goal. By focusing on certified organic wines, exploring natural and biodynamic options, and understanding the nuances of wine labels, you can confidently select bottles that align with your preferences. Choosing red over white and dry over sweet can also help reduce sulfite content. For the most sensitive individuals, considering a wine filter can provide extra reassurance. Understanding the facts behind sulfites allows for more informed and enjoyable wine choices. For more on wine chemistry and food regulations, consult reputable sources like the FDA website.

Take Action Now

Here is a list of steps to help you avoid sulfites in wine.

• Check for the Seal: Look for the USDA Organic seal to ensure no additional sulfites were added during winemaking.
• Embrace Natural Wine: Seek out producers known for their minimal intervention winemaking and "no added SO2" labels.
• Know Your Colors: Remember that red wines generally contain fewer sulfites than white wines due to natural antioxidants from tannins.
• Consider Dry Over Sweet: Choose dry wines over sweet or semi-sweet varieties, as they contain less added sulfite.
• Consult a Physician: If you suspect a true sulfite sensitivity, consult a doctor to confirm the cause of your symptoms.
• Explore Filtration Tools: Use specialized wine filters or drops that can reduce sulfite levels in your glass before drinking.
• Trust Your Local Retailer: Speak to a knowledgeable wine shop employee who can recommend low-sulfite options.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do all wines have sulfites?

Yes, all wines contain some sulfites, as they are a natural byproduct of the fermentation process. It is impossible to produce a wine that is 100% sulfite-free.

What is the difference between "organic" and "made with organic grapes"?

A wine labeled "Organic" with the USDA seal has no added sulfites. A wine labeled "Made with Organic Grapes" uses organically grown grapes but may still contain added sulfites, though at lower levels than conventional wines.

Are red wines higher in sulfites than white wines?

No, this is a common myth. Red wines typically contain fewer added sulfites than white wines because the tannins and pigments in red wine offer natural protection against oxidation.

What are the symptoms of sulfite sensitivity?

Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include respiratory problems (like wheezing), hives, flushing, headaches, and gastrointestinal issues. Those with asthma are more likely to have a sensitivity.

Do sulfites cause wine headaches?

No, sulfites are not the primary cause of wine headaches for most people. Other compounds like histamines, tannins, and simple dehydration are more likely to blame.

Can I remove sulfites from a glass of wine?

Yes, some products like drops and filters are designed to neutralize free sulfites in a glass of wine. For a simple home method, exposure to oxygen by decanting can also help reduce sulfite levels over time.

Is it safe for most people to drink wine with sulfites?

Yes, for the vast majority of people, sulfites in wine are harmless. The FDA estimates that less than 1% of the population has a sensitivity.