The Crude Protein Content of Clover Hay
Yes, clover hay is considered a high-protein forage due to its classification as a legume. Legumes possess the unique ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, enriching the soil and resulting in a higher protein content compared to most grass hays. Typical crude protein (CP) levels for clover hay can range from 14% to as high as 21% or more on a dry matter basis.
However, it is crucial to recognize that this protein level is not static. It can vary significantly based on a number of factors:
- Maturity at Harvest: The stage at which clover is harvested has a major impact on its nutritional value. Younger, pre-bloom clover is more protein-dense and digestible. As the plant matures and begins to flower, it becomes stemmier and more fibrous. This results in a lower protein concentration and higher fiber content in the hay.
- Weather and Soil Conditions: Favorable growing seasons and adequate soil nutrient levels contribute to higher quality hay. Poor conditions or improper storage can degrade the quality and reduce the available protein.
- Hay vs. Fresh Forage: Fresh clover forage typically has a higher crude protein content than hay. For example, fresh white clover can have nearly 25% CP, whereas hay might average closer to 23%. The curing process can result in some protein and nutrient loss.
Beyond Just Protein: Additional Nutrients
In addition to high crude protein, clover hay offers other significant nutritional benefits for livestock.
- High Digestibility: Clovers are generally more digestible than grass, which allows livestock to consume more forage and gain more weight or produce more milk.
- Minerals: Clover is an excellent source of essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. This makes it a great way to boost the mineral content of a diet, particularly for lactating animals or those with higher calcium needs.
- Polyphenol Oxidases (in Red Clover): Red clover contains enzymes that inhibit the breakdown of protein in the rumen. This means more protein bypasses the rumen and is digested in the small intestine, increasing the forage's metabolic efficiency.
Clover Hay vs. Other Common Forages
To better understand where clover hay fits into a feeding program, it is helpful to compare it to other popular hay types, particularly alfalfa and grass hay.
| Nutrient (on a Dry Matter Basis) | Clover Hay | Alfalfa Hay | Grass Hay (e.g., Timothy) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Protein (CP) | High (14-21%) | Very High (12-20%) | Low (6-10%) |
| Digestible Energy | High | Very High | Moderate to Low |
| Calcium (Ca) | High | Very High | Moderate |
| Fiber (NDF) | Moderate | Moderate | High |
| Palatability | Very High | Very High | Moderate |
| Primary Use | Hay, sometimes mixed with grass | High-demand animals, milk production | Maintenance diets, high-fiber needs |
Potential Risks and Management Strategies
While clover hay is a nutritious feed, it is not without its risks. Proper management is key to feeding it safely and effectively.
- Bloat: Fresh, lush clover pastures can cause bloat in ruminants due to a buildup of gas in the rumen. The risk is much lower with well-cured hay, but still a consideration, especially with high-clover content hay.
- Mold Risk: Clover hay, particularly red clover, takes longer to dry than grass hay. If baled too early with excess moisture, mold can form. Some molds produce toxins that can cause issues like excessive salivation ("slobbers") or, in the case of moldy sweet clover, bleeding disorders.
- Phytoestrogens in Red Clover: Red clover contains compounds that act like estrogen. In high concentrations, this can cause infertility issues in breeding ewes and, to a lesser extent, cattle. It is best to avoid feeding high-red-clover-content hay to breeding females six weeks before and after conception.
- High Calcium Content: The high calcium content of clover, especially when fed in large quantities, can disrupt the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in a horse's diet. This requires careful balancing with other feeds to prevent urinary tract issues.
- Feeding Rations: The best practice is often to mix clover hay with lower-protein grass hay. This creates a balanced diet, prevents an excess intake of protein and calcium, and reduces the overall risk of issues.
Conclusion
In conclusion, clover hay is unquestionably high in protein compared to most grass forages. This makes it a powerful nutritional tool for farmers seeking to boost the protein and mineral intake of their livestock. However, its use requires informed management to mitigate potential risks associated with high protein, mineral content, and susceptibility to mold. By understanding the different types of clover, its nutritional variability, and proper mixing with other forages, farmers can safely and effectively incorporate clover hay into a wide range of feeding programs.
For more in-depth information on the nutritional aspects and comparisons of forage types, consult resources from trusted university extension programs, such as the University of Wisconsin Extension.
