What Happens Inside the Body When You Swallow Plastic
When a plastic wrapper is ingested, it enters a journey through the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike food, plastic is not digestible and will not be broken down by stomach acid or enzymes. For most small, smooth pieces, this journey is uneventful, and the plastic passes through and is excreted in stool within a few days. However, the consequences can be more serious depending on the object's characteristics and the frequency of exposure.
The Immediate Risks of Ingesting a Plastic Wrapper
For an accidental, one-time ingestion, the immediate concerns are primarily physical. The two most significant risks are choking and physical blockage. Choking occurs when a piece becomes lodged in the throat or esophagus, blocking the airway. Once past the throat, a larger piece can get stuck in the intestines, causing an obstruction. A sharp edge on the plastic can also cause cuts or irritation to the digestive tract lining as it passes through.
The Dangers of Ingested Microplastics
Beyond a single, visible piece of plastic, there is the growing concern of microplastics. These tiny plastic particles, often smaller than five millimeters, are increasingly common in the environment and our food. Unlike larger, smoother pieces, microplastics can behave differently within the body. Research suggests they can cause inflammation in the gut lining, interfere with nutrient absorption, and disrupt the gut microbiome. With frequent, long-term exposure, these tiny particles can accumulate and potentially enter the bloodstream, traveling to organs like the liver, kidneys, and even the brain.
Chemical Leaching from Plastic Wrappers
Another significant health concern related to ingesting plastic is the leaching of chemical additives. To give plastic its desired properties, manufacturers add various chemicals, many of which are known as endocrine disruptors.
- Phthalates: Used to make plastics flexible and transparent, these chemicals can interfere with hormone function and have been linked to developmental issues.
- Bisphenols (e.g., BPA): These are used in some plastics and can leach into food, potentially causing hormonal imbalances.
- Forever Chemicals (PFAS): Used for grease resistance in some food wrappers, PFAS have been linked to serious health problems like cancer and immune suppression.
When plastic is swallowed, these additives can be released into the body, particularly if the plastic was exposed to heat or fatty substances. Chronic, low-level exposure to these chemicals is a growing area of scientific research with concerning potential long-term effects.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While most instances of swallowing a small, smooth plastic wrapper are harmless, there are specific symptoms that should prompt an immediate call to a healthcare professional or Poison Control (1-800-222-1222). These include difficulty breathing, chest pain, abdominal pain or cramping, vomiting, or blood in the stool.
Comparison of Ingested Plastic Risks
| Feature | Small, Smooth Plastic Piece | Large or Sharp Plastic Piece | Regular Microplastic Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immediate Risk | Low; often passes harmlessly | High; potential for choking, blockage, or internal cuts | Low; no immediate physical symptoms |
| Digestive Passage | Usually passes within 24-72 hours | May become lodged; can take longer to pass or require removal | Excreted over time, but some may accumulate or be absorbed |
| Toxicity | Minimal risk from the polymer itself | Minimal risk from the polymer itself | Can absorb and release chemicals and toxins |
| Chemical Leaching | Low, but possible, especially if heated | Possible, but dependent on the plastic type and conditions | Continuous, low-level leaching of additives like phthalates and BPA |
| Internal Damage | Rare, usually only minor irritation | Potential for tears or perforations in the digestive tract | Linked to inflammation and oxidative stress over time |
Conclusion: Minimizing the Risk of Ingested Plastic
In conclusion, the primary danger of accidentally ingesting a small, smooth plastic wrapper is minimal, as it will likely pass without incident. However, this casual dismissal overlooks the serious risks associated with larger or sharper pieces, the cumulative effect of chemical leaching from food-contact plastics, and the growing threat posed by microscopic particles. While a single incident may not cause harm, it's a stark reminder of our broader exposure to plastic. Always exercise caution to avoid plastic ingestion and seek medical advice immediately if you experience alarming symptoms. Ultimately, reducing plastic use is the best way to eliminate both accidental ingestion and long-term chemical exposure.
Center for International Environmental Law: Plastic & Human Health
