The Controversy Surrounding Titanium Dioxide
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a mineral-based white pigment used in a wide range of consumer products, from paints and cosmetics to foods and pharmaceuticals. In the food industry, it serves as a color additive, often labeled as E171 in Europe, to enhance the visual appeal of products. For candy, it is particularly useful for giving hard shells and coatings a smooth, opaque, and vibrant finish.
Concerns regarding the safety of titanium dioxide have been growing for years, with a significant turning point occurring in 2021 when the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) declared it could no longer be considered safe for human consumption. This decision was based on new data indicating that titanium dioxide nanoparticles could accumulate in the body and potentially cause genotoxicity—damage to DNA. In response, the European Union (EU) banned the use of E171 as a food additive starting in 2022, prompting many manufacturers to reformulate their products.
In the United States, however, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still permits its use, although in quantities not to exceed 1% by weight of the food. This regulatory difference means that consumers in different countries may find varying ingredients in the same brand-name candy. Several advocacy groups have petitioned the FDA to align with European standards, but as of 2024, the additive remains legal in the U.S..
Notable Candies That Have Contained Titanium Dioxide
While many companies have been phasing out this ingredient, it's important to be aware of the products that have historically contained it. Here is a list of some well-known candies and chewing gums, many of which have since been reformulated, especially in regions with stricter regulations:
- Skittles: One of the most publicized examples, Skittles famously contained titanium dioxide for its colorful shell. Following consumer pressure and lawsuits, parent company Mars has announced its removal in US products.
- Trolli Gummies: Several varieties of these sour gummies, such as Sour Brite Crawlers and Sour Watermelon Sharks, have listed titanium dioxide in their ingredients for coloring purposes.
- Ring Pops: Specific flavors, including Berry Blast and Blue Raspberry Watermelon, have been identified as containing this additive.
- Candy Corn: Certain brands, like Brach's Fall Festival Candy Corn, have used titanium dioxide to achieve their signature white base.
- Warheads: Various types of these sour candies, including Sour Twists and Lil Worms, have listed titanium dioxide as an ingredient.
- Dubble Bubble Gum Balls: The classic Original Dubble Bubble Gum Balls have contained this additive for their white and vibrant coloring.
- Certain Chewing Gums and Mints: Many brands, such as Wrigley's Extra and Eclipse Chewy Mints, have used titanium dioxide to create a bright white appearance.
- Some M&M's Varieties: Peanut M&M's and Crispy M&M's have also appeared on lists of products containing E171.
How to Identify Titanium Dioxide on Labels
To avoid candies containing titanium dioxide, consumers should make a habit of reading ingredient labels carefully. This can be challenging, however, as manufacturers are not always required to list it explicitly. Here are some terms to look for:
- Titanium Dioxide: The most direct indicator.
- E171: The European food additive code for titanium dioxide.
- Artificial Color: In some cases, especially in the US, titanium dioxide may be included under the broader term "artificial color".
Comparison of Titanium Dioxide Regulation
| Feature | United States (FDA) | European Union (EFSA) |
|---|---|---|
| Current Status | Legal (with restrictions) | Banned (since 2022) |
| Primary Concern | No proven human health risks at regulated levels | Cannot rule out genotoxicity risks |
| Amount Allowed in Food | Must not exceed 1% by weight | Prohibited as a food additive |
| Labeling | Not always explicitly listed (sometimes under 'Artificial Color') | Must be declared as E171 (if pre-ban product) |
| Reformulation | Driven by consumer demand | Required by law |
| Enforcement | Based on petition from consumer groups | Mandated regulatory action |
The Shift Towards Alternatives
In response to consumer preferences and new regulations, many manufacturers have begun to seek alternatives to titanium dioxide. These replacements often utilize natural ingredients or different processing methods to achieve similar visual results. For example, some companies now use calcium carbonate, corn starch, or other natural pigments derived from plants to achieve a white or vibrant appearance. This shift highlights a growing trend towards greater transparency and cleaner ingredient lists in the food industry. Ultimately, consumer vigilance remains key, as the presence of titanium dioxide can still vary widely depending on the brand, product, and country of sale.
Conclusion
Titanium dioxide is a common white pigment and additive (E171) once widely used in many candies, including Skittles, Trolli gummies, Ring Pops, and certain mints, to achieve a shiny, bright appearance. While the EU has banned its use in food due to genotoxicity concerns, it remains regulated but legal in the US. In response to growing consumer awareness and lawsuits, many brands are now reformulating their products to eliminate this ingredient. By carefully reading ingredient labels and opting for organic or minimally processed alternatives, consumers can avoid titanium dioxide in their candy choices.
A Deeper Look into Food Additive Regulations
For those interested in the specifics of food additive regulations, particularly regarding titanium dioxide and other chemicals, the Center for Food Safety offers detailed resources and updates on petitions to the FDA. The organization provides comprehensive reports and petitions aimed at improving the oversight of food additives in the United States, giving consumers and activists the tools to advocate for safer food.
What candy has titanium dioxide in it? Final thoughts
Ultimately, the issue of titanium dioxide in candy is a clear example of how scientific understanding and regulatory standards can differ across regions, leading to different product formulations and ingredient lists. While it has traditionally served a purely aesthetic function in confectionery, increased scrutiny has prompted a global move away from its use. Consumers are encouraged to check labels and stay informed about the ingredients in their food, knowing that alternatives are increasingly available.
