The Unofficial National Drink: The Enduring Legacy of Tea
With a history that predates many civilizations, tea (chá) is far more than a simple beverage in China; it is a cultural cornerstone that embodies Confucian, Daoist, and Zen values of harmony and simplicity. The legend of tea's discovery dates back to the mythical Emperor Shennong around 2700 BCE, though archaeological evidence confirms its consumption by the Han Dynasty. It was during the Tang Dynasty that tea transitioned from a medicinal herb to a popular drink across all social classes, a process that was solidified by the influential writer Lu Yu and his text, The Classic of Tea.
Tea's ubiquitous nature in Chinese daily life is a powerful argument for its national status. It is consumed from morning to night, at home, in offices, and in traditional teahouses that act as social hubs. The act of offering tea is a sign of respect and hospitality, and the sheer variety—from green to black to oolong—reflects China's vast geography and diverse traditions. Each province and ethnic group has its own tea customs, such as Tibetan butter tea or Mongolian milk tea, showing its ability to unite a diverse population. This deep integration into the social fabric, combined with its long history and health-conscious perception, gives tea an emotional and cultural claim to the title of national drink that no other beverage can match.
The National Liquor: The Power and Ritual of Baijiu
While tea dominates daily life, baijiu (literally "white alcohol") holds the title of China's national liquor and is the most consumed spirit in the world by volume. It is a clear, potent distilled spirit, often made from fermented sorghum, that can range from 35% to 60% ABV. Baijiu's role is primarily ceremonial and social, not for casual, everyday consumption. It is a fixture at banquets, weddings, festivals, and business dinners, where drinking is a ritualized process to express respect and foster relationships.
The cultural practice surrounding baijiu, particularly the toasting ritual known as ganbei ("dry cup"), signifies unity and trust. Historically, baijiu was a luxury enjoyed by the elite, but modern, large-scale production has made it widely accessible. Its strong flavor profile, which can be challenging for those not accustomed to it, and its association with intense social pressures have also led to some ambivalence, especially among younger generations. Despite this, baijiu remains an undisputed symbol of celebration and Chinese identity on formal occasions.
Comparison: Tea vs. Baijiu
| Feature | Tea (Chá) | Baijiu (白酒) |
|---|---|---|
| Designation | Unofficial National Drink | National Liquor |
| History | Over 3,000 years, traced to Emperor Shennong | Developed later, maturing during Tang/Song dynasties |
| Consumption Frequency | Daily, from morning to evening | Ceremonial, on special occasions and banquets |
| Cultural Role | Represents harmony, tranquility, and daily life | Symbolizes celebration, social status, and trust |
| Accessibility | Consumed by all social classes and age groups | Traditionally associated with elite, now widespread but situational |
| Social Etiquette | Encourages calm, reflection, and hospitality | Involves formal toasts like ganbei to show respect |
| Flavor Profile | Diverse and nuanced, from earthy to floral | Pungent, strong, and savory, often high in alcohol content |
The Future of China's Beverages
China's beverage landscape is evolving with a mix of tradition and innovation. Younger generations, influenced by global trends, are increasingly drawn to new-style teas like bubble tea and imported Western liquors. However, this does not diminish the profound cultural significance of tea and baijiu. Instead, it creates a more dynamic market where traditional drinks coexist with modern preferences. Tea continues to symbolize a connection to history, wellness, and serenity, while baijiu remains the ultimate expression of celebration and social bonding. The enduring status of tea and baijiu as core Chinese drinks ensures they will continue to play a vital role in national identity for generations to come. For more on the art of tea, explore the resources from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art, which often discusses Chinese tea culture.
Conclusion
Ultimately, the question "what is the national drink of China?" reveals a duality in Chinese culture. While tea is the unofficial national drink that represents everyday harmony, history, and wellness, baijiu holds the position of the national liquor, symbolizing celebration, social ritual, and formal respect. Both beverages occupy unique and equally important spaces, reflecting the deep-seated cultural values that govern both daily life and special occasions throughout China. The enduring legacy of tea as a daily ritual and the symbolic power of baijiu at banquets make them both quintessential elements of Chinese identity.
