Prevalence of Multivitamin Use in the U.S.
Recent statistics on multivitamin use among Americans show varying figures depending on the source and the specific time frame. A key resource for this data is the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- CDC/NHANES Data (2017–March 2020): A prepandemic analysis from the CDC found that 31.5% of U.S. adults reported using a multivitamin-mineral (MVM) supplement within the last 30 days.
- Older NHANES Data (2011–2014): An earlier analysis of NHANES data from 2011–2014 showed a similar figure, with 31.2% of U.S. adults reporting MVM use in the past 30 days.
- Council for Responsible Nutrition (2023 Survey): A survey from a dietary supplement trade group found that 74% of Americans overall reported using any dietary supplement, with a broad 55% qualifying as "regular" users. This broader figure includes single vitamins, minerals, and other non-multivitamin supplements, so it should not be confused with specific multivitamin use.
How Usage Varies by Demographics
The percentage of Americans who take a multivitamin is not uniform across the population. Data consistently show that supplement use varies significantly by age, gender, race, and socioeconomic factors.
- Age: Use generally increases with age. A 2017–2018 NHANES analysis found that among adults, multivitamin-mineral use was highest in those aged 60 and over (39.4%), followed by those aged 40–59 (29.8%), and lowest in the 20–39 age group (24.0%).
- Gender: Women are more likely to take multivitamins than men. The 2011–2014 NHANES data reported that 34.0% of women used multivitamins, compared to 28.3% of men.
- Race and Ethnicity: Studies have shown that White adults and Asian adults report higher multivitamin use compared to Black and Hispanic adults.
- Socioeconomic Status: Higher income and educational attainment are also linked to increased multivitamin usage.
Reasons Behind Multivitamin Use
Why do millions of Americans incorporate a multivitamin into their daily routine? The motivations range from filling dietary gaps to supporting overall health. Some of the most common reasons include:
- Nutritional Insurance: Many people use multivitamins as a form of “nutritional insurance,” believing it helps cover any potential nutritional deficiencies in their diet. This is particularly common among those who feel their eating habits are not perfectly balanced.
- General Health and Wellness: The desire for overall wellness is a primary driver. Supplement users often report doing so to proactively maintain or improve their health.
- Specific Health Concerns: Some individuals, including those with chronic conditions like diabetes, may take multivitamins to target specific health areas, such as bone or heart health.
- Physician's Recommendation: Certain populations, including pregnant women, older adults, and those with certain medical conditions, may be advised by a healthcare provider to take a multivitamin.
Multivitamin Efficacy and Alternatives
Despite widespread use, the scientific evidence on the overall health benefits of multivitamins is mixed. For most healthy people with a balanced diet, multivitamins may offer no significant protective effect against chronic diseases like cancer or heart disease. However, they can be valuable in certain situations, such as for individuals with specific nutrient needs or deficiencies, or during certain life stages. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole foods remains the most authoritative recommendation for meeting nutritional needs. Foods provide a complex array of nutrients and beneficial compounds that supplements cannot fully replicate.
Comparison of Supplement Use by Age Group
The following table illustrates how multivitamin-mineral (MVM) supplement use varies by age group, based on data from the 2017–2018 NHANES.
| Age Group (Years) | Multivitamin-Mineral Use (Past 30 Days) |
|---|---|
| 20–39 | 24.0% |
| 40–59 | 29.8% |
| 60 and over | 39.4% |
Conclusion
The percentage of Americans taking a multivitamin hovers around one-third, though this number has shown minor fluctuations and varies considerably by demographic factors like age and gender. While many view multivitamins as a simple way to fill nutritional gaps, the broader scientific consensus suggests that for healthy individuals, a balanced diet is the best source of nutrients. Supplements may be most beneficial for specific populations, such as pregnant women or older adults with targeted needs. Ultimately, consulting a healthcare provider is recommended to determine if a multivitamin is necessary for your individual health plan.
The Role of Government Agencies in Supplement Guidance
Organizations such as the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the American Heart Association offer guidance on supplement use. The USPSTF, for example, has concluded that there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against multivitamin use for preventing cardiovascular disease or cancer. Similarly, the American Heart Association advises against using multivitamins for preventing CVD, citing a lack of evidence. The emphasis from these authoritative bodies remains on obtaining nutrients primarily from food sources.
Factors Influencing the Growing Supplement Market
Despite mixed scientific evidence for a general population, the dietary supplement market continues to grow, valued in the billions. This trend is fueled by several factors:
- Marketing and Perception: Aggressive marketing and a public perception that supplements offer simple health solutions contribute significantly to their popularity.
- Increased Health Awareness: A rising public focus on health and wellness encourages many people to seek out supplements as part of a proactive approach to their well-being.
- Accessibility: With multivitamins widely available over-the-counter, many people feel they can safely take them without medical advice. However, self-directed use may lead to individuals taking supplements without clear clinical need.
Considerations for Supplement Users
While multivitamins are generally considered safe at recommended dosages, it's crucial for consumers to be aware of potential risks. High doses of certain nutrients can cause adverse effects, and some supplements may interact with medications. Smokers, for instance, should avoid large amounts of beta-carotene and vitamin A, as studies have linked these to an increased risk of lung cancer in this population. It is also important to choose reputable brands, as the supplement industry has limited regulation.
Final Thoughts on Multivitamin Habits
The data suggests that a significant portion of the U.S. population includes multivitamins in their health regimen, driven by a desire for better health and perceived nutritional gaps. However, the evidence supporting universal multivitamin use is not strong. The best strategy for most people is to prioritize a nutrient-dense diet and consult a healthcare professional to address any specific concerns or to determine if supplementation is truly necessary. For some, a multivitamin can be a low-risk, affordable way to address potential dietary shortfalls, but it should not be seen as a substitute for healthy eating habits.
