What Are E Numbers?
E numbers are codes for substances added to food to preserve flavour, enhance appearance, or improve texture. These codes are regulated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) within the European Union but are widely used on food labels around the world. An E number indicates that the additive has passed safety tests and is approved for use. However, this approval does not indicate whether the additive was derived from animal or plant sources, which is a critical distinction for vegans.
Understanding the E Number Code
Reading an E number on a food label can be confusing. Some numbers are always vegan, others are never vegan, and some can be either, depending on the manufacturer's sourcing. It is vital to learn to recognize the codes that are problematic for a vegan diet.
E numbers to avoid (always non-vegan)
These are additives consistently sourced from animal products and should be avoided entirely by vegans:
- E120 (Carmine, Cochineal, Carminic Acid): A red food coloring derived from crushed cochineal insects.
- E441 (Gelatin): A gelling agent made by boiling the skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones of animals, often pigs and cattle.
- E542 (Edible Bone Phosphate): An anti-caking agent derived from ground animal bones.
- E901 (Beeswax): A glazing agent produced by honey bees.
- E904 (Shellac): A glazing agent made from the secretions of the female lac bug.
- E913 (Lanolin): A greasy substance derived from sheep's wool, which can be a source for Vitamin D3.
- E966 (Lactitol): A sweetener derived from lactose, or milk sugar.
- E1105 (Lysozyme): A preservative and enzyme often obtained from chicken egg whites.
E numbers to check (potentially non-vegan)
Many E numbers can come from either animal or plant sources. For these, it's essential to look for a 'vegan' label on the product, a vegan certification logo, or contact the manufacturer directly to confirm the source.
- E101 (Riboflavin): Can be plant-derived or from milk whey.
- E161g (Canthaxanthin): Can be synthetic or from animal fats.
- E270 (Lactic Acid): Usually produced by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates but can be sourced from milk.
- E322 (Lecithin): Typically from soy, but can also come from eggs.
- E422 (Glycerol/Glycerin): Can be derived from plant oils or animal fats.
- E471 (Mono- and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids): Can come from vegetable oils or animal fats.
- E472 (Esters of Mono- and Diglycerides): The source depends on the origin of the fatty acids used, which could be animal or plant-based.
- E570 (Stearic Acid): Often from vegetable fats but can be from animal fats.
- E631 (Disodium Inosinate): A flavour enhancer potentially derived from meat, fish, or tapioca starch.
- E920 (L-cysteine): An amino acid often derived from poultry feathers or hog hair, though synthetic versions exist.
E numbers that are typically vegan
Many common E numbers are reliably vegan, including those derived from plants or created synthetically. For example, most food colorings in the E100-E199 range (with the exception of E120) are vegan. Preservatives (E200-E299) and antioxidants (E300-E399) are largely vegan, but as noted above, there are exceptions. Common vegan examples include E100 (Curcumin), E150a (Plain Caramel), E406 (Agar), E415 (Xanthan Gum), and E440 (Pectins).
How to Check Ambiguous E Numbers
When you encounter an E number with an ambiguous source, several steps can help you confirm its vegan status:
- Look for a vegan logo: The most reliable method is to check the packaging for a recognised vegan certification mark, like the Sunflower Trademark from The Vegan Society.
- Check the allergen information: Companies often list common allergens like eggs or milk, which can sometimes provide clues. Lactitol (E966), for instance, would be flagged with a milk allergen warning.
- Search online: Use a vegan E number guide or app for a quick reference. Many vegan-focused websites and community groups share up-to-date information on products and manufacturers.
- Contact the manufacturer: If you're still unsure, the most definitive way is to reach out to the company directly. Companies are often transparent about the source of their ingredients when asked.
Navigating Common Food Categories
Non-vegan E numbers can hide in seemingly harmless products across various food categories.
- Confectionery: Gummies, sweets, and marshmallows often contain E441 (gelatin).
- Baked Goods: Some breads, particularly specialty items, may contain E920 (L-cysteine) as a dough conditioner.
- Fortified Products & Supplements: Vitamin D3 is often sourced from lanolin (E913) derived from sheep's wool, appearing in fortified foods and multivitamins.
- Dairy-Free Alternatives: Always read the labels on dairy-free spreads or cheese alternatives, as some emulsifiers like E471 can still have animal origins.
- Soft Drinks and Ice Cream: These products are a common place to find E120 (carmine) as a red or pink colouring.
Comparison Table: Common E Numbers
| E Number | Common Name | Source | Vegan Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E120 | Carmine | Insects (cochineal) | Never Vegan | Red food colour. |
| E100 | Curcumin | Turmeric plant | Always Vegan | Yellow food colour. |
| E441 | Gelatin | Animal bones/hides | Never Vegan | Gelling agent. |
| E406 | Agar | Seaweed | Always Vegan | Gelling agent, vegan alternative to gelatin. |
| E471 | Mono- and Diglycerides | Animal fat OR Vegetable oil | Requires Checking | Emulsifier. Look for 'vegan' label. |
| E415 | Xanthan Gum | Bacterial fermentation | Always Vegan | Thickener. |
| E901 | Beeswax | Honey bees | Never Vegan | Glazing agent. |
| E904 | Shellac | Lac insects | Never Vegan | Glazing agent. |
| E160a | Carotenes | Plants | Always Vegan | Yellow/orange colouring. |
Conclusion
While the E number system provides a standardized way to label food additives, it's clear that it doesn't offer enough information to satisfy a vegan's ethical requirements. The responsibility lies with consumers to remain vigilant, consult reliable resources, and learn to distinguish between the various additive sources. By knowing which E numbers are vegan, which are definitely not, and which require further investigation, shoppers can navigate the grocery aisles with greater confidence, ensuring their purchases align with their plant-based principles. For more information and resources on living a vegan lifestyle, you can visit the official website of The Vegan Society.
