Understanding Histamines in Wine
Histamines are natural chemical compounds found in many foods and beverages, formed by microorganisms like bacteria and yeasts during fermentation. For most people, the body's diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme breaks down histamines efficiently. However, individuals with histamine intolerance have lower DAO enzyme activity, causing histamine to build up and trigger allergy-like symptoms. The alcohol itself also inhibits the DAO enzyme, which can compound the issue.
Why Red Wines Contain More Histamines
Red wines are generally known to have higher histamine concentrations compared to white and rosé wines. This is due to several factors inherent to their production:
- Extended Skin Contact: Red wine fermentation involves prolonged contact with grape skins, where much of the histamine is found.
- Malolactic Fermentation: This secondary fermentation, common in red winemaking, is performed by lactic acid bacteria, which are known to produce histamines.
- Aging in Oak Barrels: Porous oak barrels are harder to sterilize than stainless steel, creating a breeding ground for bacteria that produce biogenic amines like histamine.
What Makes a Wine Low in Histamine?
Winemakers can actively reduce histamine formation through meticulous control of the winemaking process. These methods include:
- Grape Selection: Using healthy, uncompromised grapes that are handpicked. Thin-skinned grape varieties are also favored.
- Sanitation: Maintaining extremely hygienic conditions to prevent unwanted microbial growth.
- Controlled Fermentation: Winemakers may use specific, low-histamine producing yeasts or strictly control or avoid malolactic fermentation.
- Stainless Steel Fermentation: Using stainless steel tanks instead of oak barrels, which are easier to keep clean.
- Younger Wines: Choosing wines that are fresh and young, as histamines can accumulate over time.
Certified Low-Histamine Wines
Several European winemakers produce certified low-histamine wines that are lab-tested to contain minimal amounts, often less than 0.5 mg/L. These are often the safest options for those with sensitivities. While a truly 'histamine-free' label is technically a misnomer, these certified products are the closest you can get. Some noteworthy brands include:
- Weingut Fuchs (Germany): Offers a range of histamine-certified white, rosé, and red wines.
- Veglio Michelino e Figlio (Italy): Produces several low-histamine certified red and white wines.
- Peri Bigogno (Italy): Features a selection of low-histamine certified whites and reds.
Low-Histamine Wine vs. Organic Wine
It is a common misconception that organic wine is also low in histamines. Organic certification focuses on agricultural practices, such as avoiding synthetic pesticides, not on the histamine content produced during fermentation. Many natural or organic wines may even have higher histamine levels due to spontaneous fermentation with wild yeasts and bacteria. Therefore, relying solely on an organic label is not an effective strategy for managing histamine intolerance.
Low-Histamine Wine Comparison Table
| Feature | Low-Histamine White/Rosé | Conventional Red Wine |
|---|---|---|
| Grape Skins | Minimal or no contact | Extended contact during fermentation |
| Malolactic Fermentation | Often avoided or limited | Common practice, increases histamine |
| Aging Vessel | Predominantly stainless steel tanks | Often aged in porous oak barrels |
| Histamine Content | Generally much lower (e.g., 3-120 µg/L) | Significantly higher (e.g., 60-3,800 µg/L) |
| Sulfite Levels | Can be low, but not guaranteed | Varies, but can be higher |
| Flavor Profile | Typically younger, fresher, and fruit-forward | Richer, more complex, often with oak notes |
Tools and Management Strategies
Beyond choosing naturally lower-histamine wines, other strategies can help manage intolerance:
- Wine Purifiers: Products like
The Wandclaim to filter out histamines and sulfites from a glass of wine. However, the efficacy of these products can be debated, and histamines are very small molecules that are difficult to filter. A brand called ALKAA claims its sachets can reduce histamines. - DAO Supplements: Some individuals take DAO enzyme supplements before drinking wine to help their body break down histamines. It is best to consult with a healthcare professional before starting supplements.
- Antihistamines: For some, taking an over-the-counter antihistamine can help manage symptoms, but this is not a long-term solution. Always seek medical advice before using medication for this purpose.
- Food Pairing: Be mindful of other high-histamine foods consumed with wine, such as aged cheeses, cured meats, and fermented items, as they can contribute to your total histamine load.
A Note on Alcohol-Free Wine
Even alcohol-free wines can contain histamines, since they also undergo a fermentation process. However, the absence of alcohol means the DAO enzyme is not inhibited, potentially leading to fewer or less severe symptoms. This makes them a potential alternative for those with sensitivities.
Conclusion
While a completely histamine-free wine is a myth, navigating wine choices is still possible for those with histamine intolerance. By understanding that factors like fermentation, aging, and grape variety influence histamine levels, consumers can make informed decisions. Younger white, rosé, and sparkling wines are naturally lower in histamines, while certain certified European producers offer specially crafted low-histamine options. Pairing wine carefully with food and considering supplementary tools can also help manage symptoms. The key is to be mindful of your body's individual tolerance and to make choices that allow for enjoyable, comfortable consumption.
Explore more about managing histamine intolerance with resources from the Cleveland Clinic.
