The Science Behind Licorice Tea's Risks
Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has a sweet flavor primarily due to a compound called glycyrrhizin. While beneficial in moderation, excessive consumption of licorice tea, particularly over extended periods, can lead to serious health issues because glycyrrhizin accumulates in the body. Glycyrrhizin interferes with hormone and electrolyte balance, which is the basis for understanding the risks associated with overindulgence.
The Glycyrrhizin Connection
Glycyrrhizin inhibits an enzyme called 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11-β-HSD2). This enzyme typically inactivates cortisol, a stress hormone, in the kidneys. By blocking this process, glycyrrhizin increases active cortisol, which then activates mineralocorticoid receptors. This creates a situation similar to having too much aldosterone, known as pseudohyperaldosteronism.
Pseudohyperaldosteronism Explained
When mineralocorticoid receptors are overstimulated by cortisol, it disrupts the body's electrolyte balance. This results in the body retaining sodium and water while increasing the excretion of potassium. This imbalance is the primary cause of the severe side effects linked to excessive licorice use. Symptoms can resemble other conditions causing high blood pressure and low potassium, making a detailed dietary history vital for diagnosis.
Serious Health Consequences of Overconsumption
The most significant risks arise from chronic, excessive consumption as glycyrrhizin can build up in the system.
Cardiovascular Risks
A well-documented side effect is a substantial rise in blood pressure (hypertension). This is a direct consequence of the body retaining sodium and fluid due to glycyrrhizin. Elevated blood pressure strains the heart and can contribute to more serious conditions like irregular heartbeats, heart failure, and, in rare instances, cardiac arrest. Some cases of hypertensive emergencies have been linked to regular licorice tea intake.
Electrolyte Imbalances
The loss of potassium (hypokalemia) is particularly concerning. Potassium is essential for the proper functioning of nerves and muscles, including the heart. Symptoms of low potassium can range from mild fatigue and muscle cramps to more severe problems such as muscle weakness, lethargy, and abnormal heart rhythms. Individuals with existing heart or kidney problems face an increased risk of these symptoms.
Other Adverse Effects
Other reported side effects from consuming too much licorice include:
- Fluid retention (Edema): Swelling, often visible in the ankles and feet, due to excess sodium and water.
- Kidney issues: Long-term damage or failure can result from prolonged hypertension and electrolyte imbalances.
- Neurological problems: In rare cases, excessive licorice consumption has been associated with symptoms like headaches, numbness, and even paralysis.
Who Should Avoid Licorice Tea?
Due to its potent effects, certain individuals should be extremely cautious or completely avoid licorice tea.
High-Risk Groups
- People with Hypertension: The blood pressure-increasing effect is particularly hazardous for those already managing high blood pressure.
- Individuals with Heart or Kidney Disease: These conditions make individuals more vulnerable to the electrolyte imbalances and fluid retention caused by glycyrrhizin.
- Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women: High licorice intake during pregnancy has been linked to negative outcomes and developmental issues in children.
- Individuals taking certain medications: Licorice can interact with medications for blood pressure, diuretics, blood thinners (like warfarin), and some hormonal therapies.
Glycyrrhizin-Containing vs. Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
For those who enjoy the flavor or digestive benefits of licorice but wish to avoid the risks associated with glycyrrhizin, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is an alternative. The table below highlights the main differences:
| Feature | Glycyrrhizin-Containing Licorice | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Glycyrrhizin Content | Present | Absent (or at very low, undetectable levels) |
| Safety Profile | Potential for serious side effects with excessive/chronic use | Considerably safer for long-term use; minimal risk of glycyrrhizin-related side effects |
| Potential Side Effects | High blood pressure, low potassium, fluid retention, heart issues | Rare; primarily concerns specific drug interactions or allergies |
| Best For | Occasional and moderate use in healthy adults | Regular use for soothing digestive issues (e.g., GERD), especially for at-risk groups |
How Much Is Too Much? Establishing Safe Limits
Safe consumption levels for licorice tea are difficult to define precisely because the glycyrrhizin content varies greatly depending on the product, brand, and how it's prepared. One case report described a patient who developed a hypertensive emergency after consuming tea with up to 190 mg of glycyrrhizin daily. In contrast, the World Health Organization recommends keeping glycyrrhizin intake below 100 mg per day. This variability makes it hard to regulate intake without specific product information. Due to this uncertainty, health experts generally suggest consuming licorice tea only occasionally and avoiding use for more than a week without medical consultation.
The Importance of Consultation
Before making licorice tea a regular part of your routine, it's crucial to speak with a healthcare provider. A doctor can evaluate the potential risks based on your individual health profile, any existing conditions, and current medications. This is particularly important for those with hypertension, heart or kidney problems, and for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Herbal products should never be used to treat a medical condition without professional guidance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, yes, it is possible to drink too much licorice tea, and this can lead to significant health risks, primarily due to the glycyrrhizin content. While occasional, moderate consumption is generally safe for healthy individuals, long-term or excessive intake can result in dangerous side effects such as high blood pressure, low potassium, and serious heart problems. For those who need to avoid glycyrrhizin, DGL products are a safer alternative. As with any herbal supplement, informed use and moderation are essential. For additional information on the safety of herbal supplements, consult resources like the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.
