The Science Behind Carotenoid Antioxidant Activity
Carotenoids are fat-soluble plant pigments with a structure of conjugated double bonds that enables their antioxidant capabilities. {Link: intechopen.com https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1205847}. They also scavenge peroxyl radicals involved in lipid peroxidation, protecting cell membranes by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms.
Carotenoid Mechanisms Against Oxidative Stress
Carotenoids combat oxidative stress through various methods:
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The Dual Nature of Carotenoids: Antioxidant vs. Pro-oxidant
While generally antioxidants, carotenoids can act as pro-oxidants under specific conditions, like very high doses or high oxygen pressure. This effect can worsen oxidative stress. For example, studies showed beta-carotene supplements increased lung cancer risk in heavy smokers. Getting carotenoids from food rather than high-dose supplements is beneficial.
Comparison of Key Carotenoids and Their Functions
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Conclusion
Carotenoids possess antioxidant properties, protecting against free radicals and singlet oxygen through direct scavenging and cellular signaling. However, their activity can be context-dependent. It is recommended to obtain these benefits through a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. While specific carotenoids like lycopene and lutein offer targeted protection, consuming a variety from whole foods is the best strategy. Avoiding high-dose synthetic supplements is advisable to prevent potential pro-oxidant effects. More information can be found at {Link: intechopen.com https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54253}.
