Common Side Effects of GLA
When taken orally, GLA is generally well-tolerated, with most reported side effects being mild and related to the digestive system. These symptoms often subside as the body adjusts to the supplement. However, some individuals may experience more frequent or persistent issues.
Gastrointestinal Distress
One of the most common complaints associated with GLA supplementation is gastrointestinal upset. This includes a range of symptoms that can affect your daily comfort.
- Diarrhea: Soft stools and loose bowel movements are a frequently reported side effect.
- Belching and Gas: Increased flatulence and belching can occur as your digestive system processes the fatty acid.
- Nausea: Some users experience stomach discomfort or nausea, particularly when starting supplementation or taking high doses.
- Bloating: A feeling of abdominal fullness or bloating is another possible digestive symptom.
Other Mild Side Effects
Beyond digestive issues, a few other minor side effects have been reported in various studies and anecdotal accounts.
- Headaches: Mild headaches can sometimes accompany GLA supplementation.
- Tiredness: A feeling of fatigue has been noted by some individuals.
- Itchiness and Rashes: While less common, some people may experience mild skin irritations like itching or a rash.
Serious Risks and Contraindications
While mild side effects are the most common, there are more serious considerations and contraindications that require careful attention, especially for those with pre-existing conditions or those on specific medications.
Increased Bleeding Risk
GLA has properties that can slow down blood clotting, which can be dangerous for certain individuals. This is a significant concern for those with bleeding disorders or those preparing for surgery. It is highly recommended to stop taking GLA at least two weeks before any scheduled surgical procedure.
Potential for Seizures
Some reports suggest that GLA can lower the seizure threshold in individuals with epilepsy or other seizure disorders. This interaction is particularly noted with Evening Primrose Oil, a common source of GLA, and is also a concern when combined with certain anesthetic or antipsychotic medications.
Medication Interactions
GLA can interact with several types of medication, potentially altering their effectiveness or increasing side effects.
- Blood-thinners: Taking GLA with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs, such as warfarin (Coumadin), aspirin, or ibuprofen, can increase the risk of bleeding and bruising.
- Antipsychotic medications: Combining GLA with phenothiazines (e.g., chlorpromazine) has been linked to an increased risk of seizures.
- Immunosuppressants: Some research suggests GLA might have an interaction with medications like cyclosporine, used for transplant rejection, potentially increasing their immunosuppressive effects.
- Cancer treatments: Early research indicates GLA may enhance the effects of certain chemotherapy drugs, which should be monitored closely by a healthcare professional.
Comparison of GLA Sources and Associated Side Effects
Not all GLA supplements are created equal. The oil source can influence the concentration of GLA and the presence of other compounds that may cause side effects.
| Feature | Borage Oil | Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) | Black Currant Seed Oil |
|---|---|---|---|
| GLA Concentration | 17-25% | 7-10% | 15-20% |
| Additional Compounds | Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in unpurified form, which are liver toxins. Use only 'PA-free' versions. | High concentration of linoleic acid. | Contains alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3). |
| Digestive Side Effects | Mild; similar to other sources (diarrhea, bloating). | Mild; similar to other sources (nausea, loose stools). | Mild; similar to other sources (gas, diarrhea). |
| Specific Risks | Risk of liver toxicity if not PA-free. | Potential risk for seizures when combined with phenothiazines. | Lower risk due to balancing omega-3 content. |
Important Precautions for GLA Users
To ensure the safest use of GLA, it is vital to take several precautions and consult a healthcare provider before starting a supplement regimen.
- Consult a doctor: Always talk to a healthcare professional before taking GLA, especially if you have pre-existing medical conditions like a bleeding disorder, liver disease, kidney disease, or epilepsy.
- Inform your doctor: If you are scheduled for surgery, inform your doctor that you are taking GLA. Discontinue use at least two weeks before the procedure to minimize bleeding risk.
- Check for interactions: Discuss all prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, and other supplements you take with your doctor to check for potential interactions.
- Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding: There is insufficient evidence to confirm the safety of GLA for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Borage oil specifically can be harmful during pregnancy.
- Adhere to dosage: Follow the recommended dosage from your healthcare provider or the product label. High doses may increase the risk of adverse effects.
Conclusion: Balancing Benefits with Caution
GLA is a fatty acid that can offer potential benefits, such as reducing inflammation and supporting skin health. However, as with any dietary supplement, it is crucial to be aware of potential side effects and safety considerations. While many experience only mild, temporary digestive issues, risks such as increased bleeding time and seizure potential exist for specific populations. Choosing a reputable source, like a certified PA-free borage oil, and always consulting a healthcare professional are the most important steps to ensure a safe and positive experience with GLA. The full picture of GLA's long-term safety requires more extensive research, so a cautious, monitored approach is best.
For more detailed information on GLA and its mechanisms, visit the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.
