Understanding the Main Types of Kiwifruit
While most people are familiar with the large, brown, fuzzy kiwi found in supermarkets, a smaller relative, the hardy kiwi, offers a unique alternative. Both are vining plants in the Actinidia genus, native to Asia, but they have evolved to thrive in vastly different climates and offer distinct fruit characteristics. The primary driver for choosing one over the other is typically determined by your local climate and personal preference for fruit flavor and texture.
The Fuzzy Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa)
This is the classic, egg-sized kiwi with brown, fibrous skin that most people peel before eating.
- Origin: Native to southern and eastern China.
- Growth: Grows on subtropical vines that require a longer, warmer growing season and are sensitive to frost. They are suitable for USDA hardiness zones 7-9.
- Flavor Profile: The fruit offers a distinct, tangy-sweet flavor profile with green or golden flesh.
- Cultivation: Fuzzy kiwi vines are typically very vigorous, growing up to 30 feet or more, and require substantial trellising. Summer pruning is essential for managing their growth.
- Pollination: Most varieties are dioecious, meaning separate male and female plants are needed for pollination and fruit production.
The Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia arguta and kolomikta)
Also known as kiwiberries or baby kiwis, these are a cold-hardy alternative.
- Origin: Native to colder regions of East Asia, including Japan, Korea, and Siberia.
- Growth: These vines are much more cold-tolerant and can survive winters in USDA zones 3-8, depending on the variety. The fruit ripens earlier, making it suitable for cooler, shorter-season climates.
- Flavor Profile: The fruit is often sweeter and less acidic than fuzzy kiwi, with notes of banana, pear, and strawberry.
- Cultivation: Hardy kiwis are also vigorous climbers but are generally lower maintenance and more forgiving in varied conditions. They still require sturdy support for their growth.
- Pollination: Similar to fuzzy kiwis, separate male and female plants are often needed, though some self-pollinating varieties like 'Issai' exist.
Comparison Table: Hardy Kiwi vs. Fuzzy Kiwi
| Feature | Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia arguta) | Fuzzy Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Small, grape-sized berries with smooth, edible skin. | Larger, egg-shaped fruit with brown, fuzzy skin. |
| Flavor | Generally sweeter with lower acidity; hints of banana, pear, strawberry. | Classic tangy-sweet kiwi taste with green or golden flesh. |
| Edibility | The skin is thin, edible, and fuzz-free, allowing the fruit to be eaten whole. | The fibrous, fuzzy skin is usually peeled before consumption. |
| Growth Habit | Fast-growing, vigorous woody vine. | Very vigorous, subtropical vine. |
| Cold Hardiness | Highly cold-tolerant (USDA zones 3-8, depending on variety). | Less cold-hardy (USDA zones 7-9). |
| Ripening Season | Ripens earlier, typically in late summer to early fall. | Ripens later, typically in the fall. |
| Care Requirements | Less intensive care; prune in late winter/early spring. | Demands more specific care and summer pruning. |
| Uses | Fresh snacking, salads, jams, smoothies. | Desserts, fruit salads, cooking, smoothies. |
Nutritional Differences
While both kiwis are nutritional powerhouses, there are some subtle differences. Both are excellent sources of vitamin C, fiber, and potassium. However, because the entire fruit of the hardy kiwi is consumed, it is a convenient source of these nutrients without needing to peel away the skin, where much of the fiber and antioxidants are concentrated. For example, studies have found that eating the skin of golden kiwis significantly increases fiber, vitamin E, and folate intake. While this research focuses on golden kiwis, the principle extends to hardy kiwis due to their edible skins. Both types contain actinidin, an enzyme that aids in protein digestion.
Growing Considerations
For the home gardener, the most important factor is climate. Those in cooler regions are limited to hardy kiwi varieties, such as Actinidia arguta or kolomikta. These vines are known for their resilience but can be susceptible to early spring frosts that can damage new shoots and developing flowers. Gardeners in warmer climates (zones 7-9) have the option of growing fuzzy kiwis, which require a long, frost-free season.
Supporting Your Kiwi Vines
Both types of kiwi are vigorous climbers and require a strong support system, such as a sturdy trellis, arbor, or pergola. Without proper support, the heavy vines can collapse. Proper training ensures good light penetration and air circulation, which is crucial for fruit development and preventing disease.
Culinary Uses and Flavor Profiles
The edible skin of hardy kiwis makes them ideal for on-the-go snacking and quick additions to salads. Their sweeter, less acidic flavor also makes them a popular choice for jams and desserts. In contrast, the classic fuzzy kiwi's tangy flavor holds up well in baking, marinades, and bold fruit salads. The enzyme actinidin in both types also makes them an excellent meat tenderizer.
Conclusion
Deciding between hardy and fuzzy kiwi ultimately comes down to your growing conditions and how you plan to enjoy the fruit. Hardy kiwi is the practical choice for colder climates, offering sweet, poppable, and low-maintenance fruit. Fuzzy kiwi, a classic for warmer regions, provides the familiar tangy flavor and larger fruit size for a variety of culinary applications. No matter your choice, both offer a delicious and nutritious addition to your garden and diet.
Is hardy kiwi or fuzzy kiwi easier to grow?
Hardy kiwis are generally considered easier for beginners in suitable climates (zones 3-8) because they are more cold-tolerant and lower-maintenance than fuzzy kiwi, which requires a long, warm growing season.
Can you cross-pollinate hardy kiwi and fuzzy kiwi?
While it is sometimes possible, it is not recommended as the pollination is often less effective, resulting in lower yields. For best results, use a male pollinator of the same species as the female fruiting vine.
What are some popular varieties of hardy and fuzzy kiwi?
Popular fuzzy kiwi varieties include 'Hayward' and 'Saanichton'. Well-known hardy kiwi varieties include 'Ananasnaya' ('Anna') and the self-fertile 'Issai'.
Can both types of kiwi be grown in containers?
Yes, both types can be grown in large containers with adequate drainage, though hardy kiwi varieties are often easier to manage. Potted plants will need protection during cold winters.
How do you know when hardy kiwi is ripe?
Hardy kiwis are typically harvested in the fall, just before they become soft, but when their seeds have turned black. They can be ripened further indoors at room temperature or by storing them with an apple.
Can fuzzy kiwi skin be eaten?
Although the skin is fibrous and not as palatable as hardy kiwi skin, it is technically edible and packed with fiber and nutrients.
Are hardy kiwis invasive?
Hardy kiwis, particularly Actinidia arguta, are considered invasive in some parts of the northeastern U.S. due to their vigorous growth. Regular pruning and prompt harvesting can help manage their spread.
