What is in Chewing Gum's "Gum Base"?
Historically, chewing gum was made from natural tree saps like chicle. However, modern mass-produced gums, particularly synthetic ones, use a proprietary mixture of petroleum-based plastic polymers for their chewy base. The ingredients for this base are often not disclosed in detail by manufacturers, simply listed as "gum base". Natural or plant-based gums also contain polymers, and recent research reveals they are not necessarily free of microplastics. The sheer mechanical stress of chewing is what breaks down these polymers into microscopic particles.
The Science Behind Microplastic Release
Research by engineers at UCLA and Queen's University Belfast has shed significant light on the release of microplastics from chewing gum. Using advanced techniques like automated Raman spectroscopy, scientists were able to quantify the release of microplastics into saliva during chewing. They found that most microplastic particles are released early in the chewing process, with studies showing that up to 94% of the microplastics were released within the first eight minutes. This rapid shedding is not due to enzymatic digestion but rather the physical, abrasive act of chewing itself. The types of plastic polymers detected include polyolefins and polystyrenes.
Natural vs. Synthetic Gum: Who Wins?
One of the most surprising findings from recent studies is the comparable microplastic release between synthetic and natural gums. Researchers hypothesized that natural gums, made from plant-based materials, would contain fewer or no microplastics. However, testing showed similar levels of microplastics being shed from both types. The source of these microplastics in natural gums is not fully understood but may be linked to processing or packaging contamination. This highlights the ubiquity of microplastics in our food chain and manufacturing environments.
Comparison of Gum Types and Microplastic Release
| Feature | Synthetic Gum | Natural (Plant-Based) Gum |
|---|---|---|
| Gum Base | Primarily petroleum-based plastic polymers like polyethylene and polyvinyl acetate. | Polymers derived from tree sap (chicle) or other plant materials. |
| Microplastic Release | Releases an average of 100 microplastics per gram, with some types releasing more. | Releases a similar amount of microplastics as synthetic gums, disproving the "plastic-free" assumption. |
| Source of Microplastics | Primarily from the plastic polymers intentionally added to the gum base. | Likely from cross-contamination during processing, manufacturing, or packaging, though exact sources are unknown. |
| Label Transparency | Ingredients in the "gum base" are often proprietary and not disclosed in detail. | Can be perceived as more natural, but may still contain microplastics from unseen contamination. |
Are the Released Microplastics Dangerous to Human Health?
While the presence of microplastics in chewing gum is confirmed, the long-term health implications of ingesting these specific particles are not yet fully understood. Scientists are not suggesting immediate panic, but rather that further research is needed. Some studies have shown that microplastics can accumulate in bodily organs and have been linked to potential health issues such as inflammation, endocrine disruption, and even cardiovascular problems in other contexts. The smaller, nano-sized plastics are of particular concern as they can potentially cross cell barriers more easily, but current testing methods often have limitations in detecting them.
How to Reduce Exposure to Microplastics from Gum
For those concerned about microplastic ingestion, several strategies can help minimize exposure:
- Chew one piece for longer: Since most microplastics shed within the first few minutes, chewing one piece of gum for a longer duration rather than frequently replacing it may help limit overall intake.
- Choose certified microplastic-free gums: Seek out brands that explicitly market and certify their products as free from synthetic polymers and plastic contamination. Some companies are now offering true plastic-free chewing gum using natural, food-grade ingredients.
- Consider natural alternatives: Explore natural breath fresheners like mint leaves or cloves to eliminate the risk of ingesting plastic particles completely.
- Advocate for transparency: Support efforts that call for clearer labeling and ingredient disclosure from gum manufacturers so consumers can make more informed choices.
- Reduce overall plastic use: Limiting plastic exposure in other areas of your life, such as using glass water bottles or avoiding microwaving plastic containers, contributes to a lower overall microplastic intake.
Conclusion
The finding that chewing gum, regardless of whether it's marketed as natural or synthetic, releases thousands of microplastics into your saliva is a significant discovery in the ongoing discussion about plastic pollution and human health. While the precise health risks remain a subject of further research, the evidence confirms that gum is a potential source of direct microplastic ingestion. This information empowers consumers to make informed choices about their gum habits and consider alternatives, contributing to both personal health and a broader environmental awareness of the issue. As science continues to investigate the impact of microplastics on our bodies, reducing exposure through sources like chewing gum is a proactive step we can all take.
For more information on the study, see the original research presented at the American Chemical Society conference.
