Four Loko initially gained notoriety in the mid-2000s, especially on college campuses. The original beverage mixed malt liquor with stimulants, including caffeine, taurine, and guarana. This combination led to significant health concerns. The stimulants masked the effects of alcohol, causing consumers to underestimate their level of intoxication, resulting in binge drinking and related harms.
The FDA's Response and Reformulation
The FDA stepped in due to public concern and incidents, such as the hospitalization of students. In November 2010, the FDA sent warning letters to manufacturers of caffeinated alcoholic beverages, including Four Loko. The FDA declared caffeine an unsafe additive in these drinks. The ruling gave manufacturers 15 days to remove the stimulants.
- Phusion Projects, the maker of Four Loko, announced the removal of caffeine, taurine, and guarana.
- The reformulated Four Loko appeared in stores in early 2011.
The Modern Four Loko: New Ingredients
The current Four Loko is different from its original formula. It is a high-ABV malt beverage (in the US, or vodka-based in some international markets) with natural and artificial flavors. The alcohol content remains high, ranging from 6% to 14% ABV, depending on state regulations. A large 23.5-ounce can can still contain the equivalent of over five standard alcoholic drinks.
Comparing Original and Modern Four Loko
| Feature | Original Four Loko (Pre-2011) | Modern Four Loko (Post-2011) |
|---|---|---|
| Stimulants | Contained caffeine, taurine, and guarana | No caffeine, taurine, or guarana |
| Alcohol Base | Malt liquor with stimulants | Malt liquor (US) or vodka (UK/Europe) |
| ABV Range | Often around 12% | 6%-14%, varies by state |
| Can Size | Typically 23.5 oz | Typically 23.5 oz |
| Key Concern | Stimulants masked intoxication, promoting binge drinking | High alcohol volume, promoting binge drinking |
Why the Modern Four Loko is Still Considered 'Bad'
Even without stimulants, the modern Four Loko carries risks because of its high alcohol content and large size. Drinkers may underestimate the drink's potency. This can lead to binge-drinking behaviors and dangerous outcomes associated with high-strength alcohol, such as blackouts, alcohol poisoning, and impaired judgment. The sweet, fruity flavors can also make it easier to consume large amounts rapidly, increasing risk.
Psychological Factors and Risk
The "situational specificity of tolerance" may affect how alcohol affects a person. Four Loko's reputation may also contribute to a risky drinking environment.
Conclusion: Is Four Loko Still Bad?
Four Loko is no longer the uniquely dangerous drink it once was. However, the current version is a highly alcoholic malt beverage in a large can. The health and safety risks now come from the high alcohol volume and the potential for rapid overconsumption. Four Loko is not inherently "bad" when consumed responsibly. However, caution is needed. As with all alcohol, moderation and awareness of the can's actual alcohol content are key to avoiding adverse effects.
Learn more about the dangers of alcohol by visiting the CDC website.
