The question of whether geranium is safe to consume requires a careful distinction between two primary plant genera: Geranium, often called cranesbills, and Pelargonium, commonly known as scented or annual geraniums. While the common name is used interchangeably, their edibility and toxicity differ significantly. True geraniums (Geranium genus) are non-toxic to humans and pets, while many scented geraniums (Pelargonium genus) are safe for human flavoring in small quantities but can be mildly toxic to pets. Ingesting concentrated geranium essential oil, however, is a different matter altogether and is generally not recommended.
Understanding the Geranium vs. Pelargonium Distinction
To properly answer the question of safety, it is vital to understand the botanical differences. The plants we typically see decorating window boxes and hanging baskets in summer are usually Pelargoniums, native to South Africa, which contain essential oils that are mildly toxic to many animals. True cranesbills (Geranium genus) are hardy, perennial plants often used as ground cover in temperate regions and are non-toxic.
True Geraniums (Geranium genus)
These are the hardy perennial plants known as cranesbills, recognized by their symmetrical, five-petaled flowers and ability to withstand frost. No part of these plants is considered toxic to humans or household pets. The leaves of some species have even been used in traditional folk remedies for centuries. For the home gardener, this means planting hardy cranesbills does not pose a toxicity risk to children, dogs, or cats who might nibble on them.
Scented Geraniums (Pelargonium genus)
This large genus includes the popular scented varieties with leaves that smell like roses, lemon, nutmeg, or mint. The leaves and flowers of these specific varieties are considered safe for human consumption when used as a flavoring agent in modest amounts, similar to a herb. Victorian-era cooks famously flavored cakes by baking them on top of scented geranium leaves. However, it is important to remember:
- Safe for Humans (with caution): Used sparingly as a flavoring, not as a food source. Use the leaves to infuse teas, jellies, or sugar, or use the petals as a decorative garnish.
- Toxic to Pets: Scented geraniums are mildly poisonous to dogs, cats, horses, and rabbits, causing symptoms like vomiting and lethargy if ingested. Keep these plants out of reach of curious pets.
Culinary Uses of Edible Scented Geraniums
For those wanting to experiment with the flavors of scented pelargoniums, here are some popular uses:
- Flavoring Baked Goods: Infuse sugars by layering scented leaves with granulated sugar in a sealed container for a week, then use the sugar in cakes, cookies, or custards.
- Jams and Jellies: Toss a few rose-scented leaves into a bubbling pot of berry jam to add a floral note.
- Teas and Syrups: Steep fresh or dried leaves in hot water for a fragrant herbal tea, or simmer them in a simple syrup for use in cocktails, lemonades, or sorbets.
- Garnishes: The brightly colored petals make for a beautiful and flavorful garnish on salads, desserts, and drinks.
The Risks of Geranium Essential Oil
Geranium essential oil, typically derived from Pelargonium graveolens, should never be consumed orally for medicinal purposes. The concentration of compounds like geraniol and linalool is significantly higher in the oil than in the plant material, and ingesting it can be toxic. While some use diluted essential oil topically for skin issues, it should be done with care and after a patch test, as it can cause skin irritation in some individuals. Pregnant and breastfeeding women, and those with certain health conditions, should consult a doctor before using geranium essential oil.
Comparison of Geranium Species and Forms
| Feature | True Geranium (Geranium genus) | Scented Geranium (Pelargonium genus) | Geranium Essential Oil |
|---|---|---|---|
| Safety for Humans (Ingestion) | Generally non-toxic | Edible as a flavoring agent in small quantities | Not for oral consumption in concentrated form |
| Safety for Pets | Non-toxic | Mildly toxic, can cause gastrointestinal upset | Toxic if ingested, even in small amounts |
| Culinary Use | Limited or no culinary use | Leaves and flowers used to flavor food, infusions, and desserts | Not for culinary use; some food flavorings use it at extremely low, safe levels |
| Common Appearance | Hardy perennial, symmetrical flowers, often ground cover | Annual bedding plant, asymmetrical flowers, fragrant leaves | Concentrated liquid, potent floral scent |
Safe Handling and Usage Protocols
To minimize risk and enjoy the benefits of edible scented geraniums, follow these guidelines:
- Positive Identification: Always be 100% certain of the species before consumption. If in doubt, do not consume it.
- Sourcing: Obtain plants from a reputable nursery or grower that can confirm the specific variety and that no pesticides have been used on the edible parts of the plant.
- Moderation is Key: Use scented geranium leaves and flowers as a flavor accent, not as a primary ingredient. A little goes a long way.
- Keep Essential Oil Separate: Never treat geranium essential oil as a substitute for the plant itself in recipes. Essential oils are highly concentrated and unsafe for internal consumption.
- Observe Your Body's Reaction: As with any new food, start with a very small amount to ensure you do not have an allergic reaction or sensitivity.
Conclusion
While the name "geranium" can be misleading, the safety of consuming it comes down to proper identification and moderation. True cranesbill geraniums are safe for both humans and pets. Scented pelargoniums can be used as a flavorful, fragrant herb in cooking and baking, but they pose a mild toxicity risk to pets and should be kept out of their reach. Crucially, geranium essential oil should never be ingested. By understanding these distinctions and following safe handling practices, you can enjoy the aromatic benefits of certain geranium species with confidence. To learn more about identifying different plant species, consult an authoritative gardening resource such as the ASPCA's database of toxic and non-toxic plants.
