The History of Jackfruit in Sri Lanka
Jackfruit, known as bath gasa (meaning 'rice tree'), has been a pillar of food security in Sri Lanka for centuries. The fruit's role as a lifesaver became especially prominent during the food shortages of the early 20th century. Following British occupation, which prioritized export crops like tea and rubber over local rice cultivation, an independence movement activist named Arthur V. Dias launched a campaign to plant one million jackfruit trees across the island. Nicknamed 'Kos Mama' (Uncle Jack), Dias recognized the fruit's immense potential to provide sustenance and combat starvation, a mission that proved vital during World War I. His efforts created a resilient food source that protected the population during subsequent hardships.
The Superfood That Protected a Nation
The jackfruit's contribution to Sri Lanka's resilience was seen again during the Second World War, the severe droughts and economic crises of the 1970s, and most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. When supply chains were disrupted and incomes plummeted, villagers relied on the ubiquitous jackfruit trees in their backyards to keep from starving. Its large size, with some fruits weighing up to 55kg, meant a single tree could feed several families. This incredible yield and resilience in harsh conditions cemented its reputation as a true lifesaver.
Jackfruit's Versatile Culinary Applications
From unripe to ripe, every part of the jackfruit is utilized in Sri Lankan cuisine, showcasing the island's culinary ingenuity. Young, unripe jackfruit, known as polos, is cooked into a rich, meaty curry that is a staple dish. The ripe fruit, with its sweet and fruity flavor, is enjoyed raw as a snack or dessert. Even the large seeds, rich in protein, are boiled and used in other traditional curries or snacks. This zero-waste approach is a testament to the fruit's value and the resourcefulness of the Sri Lankan people.
Common Jackfruit Dishes
- Polos Ambula: A tender baby jackfruit curry slow-cooked in a spiced coconut milk broth.
- Kos Ata Kalu Pol Maluwa: A curry made from boiled jackfruit seeds combined with pan-fried rice and shredded coconut.
- Kos Kottu: A vegan version of the popular street food, using boiled jackfruit pods instead of meat.
- Kos Ata Aggala: A sweet snack made from roasted and ground jackfruit seeds, coconut, and sugar.
Nutritional Powerhouse: Why Jackfruit is a Healthy Super Fruit
Jackfruit's superfood status is backed by its impressive nutritional profile. It is a rich source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals that were critical during times of food scarcity. Its high carbohydrate content provides vital energy, while its unique protein content for a fruit makes it a more satiating food source. The antioxidants found in jackfruit help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.
Jackfruit vs. Palmyra Fruit
While jackfruit is the healthy super fruit that saved lives during famines, it's worth noting the distinction from another significant Sri Lankan fruit, the palmyra. The palmyra tree, especially common in the northern and eastern parts of the island, also provides sustenance and is highly valued, but for different reasons.
| Feature | Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) | Palmyra Fruit (Borassus flabellifer) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Historical Role | A high-yield staple food, nicknamed the 'rice tree', for combating famine and widespread hunger. | A versatile source of food, beverages, and materials, particularly crucial in the arid northern regions. |
| Nutritional Profile | Rich in carbohydrates, fiber, Vitamin C, potassium, and has a moderate protein content for a fruit. | A good source of vitamins, minerals like calcium and phosphorus, and has a low glycemic index, especially in its sap and sugar form. |
| Key Food Products | Curry from young fruit (polos), seed curries, ripe fruit, and vegan meat alternatives. | Tender jelly pods (nungu), palm sugar (jaggery), toddy (fermented sap), and flour from the tuber. |
| Culinary Versatility | Used in both savory dishes when unripe and sweet desserts when ripe. | Primarily used in specific products like fresh jelly, sweeteners, and fermented beverages. |
Jackfruit’s Lasting Legacy
Today, jackfruit continues to be a cherished part of Sri Lankan culture and cuisine, with its reputation spreading globally as a vegan meat substitute. However, its most profound legacy lies in its history as a humble, resilient fruit that has repeatedly ensured the survival of the island's people. From wartime rationing to modern-day food security challenges, the jackfruit has stood as a symbol of sustenance and self-sufficiency.
Note: You can find more information on the history of jackfruit and Arthur V. Dias at the BBC's article on the subject: Jackfruit: the ‘vegan sensation’ that saved Sri Lanka.
Conclusion
In conclusion, jackfruit holds a unique and powerful place in Sri Lanka's history as a lifesaver. This hardy, prolific, and nutrient-dense fruit provided essential nourishment during multiple national crises, earning its rightful place as a healthy super fruit. Its legacy extends beyond mere sustenance, symbolizing resilience and resourcefulness for the Sri Lankan people. As it gains popularity worldwide, the story of how jackfruit saved lives serves as a powerful reminder of nature's simple and profound gifts.
Note: The jackfruit's ability to grow in various climates and provide a substantial food source has drawn renewed attention for its potential to help address global food security issues.
Final thought: The jackfruit is not just a food item in Sri Lanka, but a cultural symbol of hope and survival, a fact beautifully woven into its history as the island's healthy super fruit that saved lives.
