Understanding the Different Kinds of Red Dyes
When people ask, 'What candy has red dye in them?' they are most often referring to the two main synthetic colorings: Red Dye 40 and the now-regulated Red Dye 3. Understanding the distinction between these two additives is crucial for navigating ingredient lists. While both are used to create vibrant red hues, their regulatory status and associated health concerns differ significantly.
Red Dye 40 (Allura Red AC)
Red Dye 40 is a synthetic colorant derived from petroleum, and it is the most widely used food dye in the United States. It is approved by the FDA for use in food, beverages, and cosmetics, although it has faced scrutiny regarding potential health effects. In the European Union, products containing Red Dye 40 must carry a warning label stating that the dye 'may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children'.
Many popular candies and other processed snacks contain Red Dye 40. Some well-known examples include:
- Skittles
- M&M's (particularly the red ones)
- Jolly Ranchers
- Starburst
- Twizzlers
- Swedish Fish
- Brach's Peppermint Candy Canes
- Big League Chew
Red Dye 3 (Erythrosine)
Unlike Red Dye 40, Red Dye 3 has a more complicated regulatory history. Citing evidence linking high doses to thyroid tumors in male rats, the FDA banned Red Dye 3 from cosmetics and external drugs in 1990. For decades, its use in food was allowed, but a recent FDA decision in early 2025 has moved to revoke its authorization for use in food and ingested drugs, effective January 2027. While many manufacturers have already reformulated, some older or seasonal products might still have contained it. Historically, it was present in candies such as:
- Brach's Candy Corn (reformulations exist)
- Some Jelly Belly varieties
- PEZ assorted fruit candies
- Dubble Bubble original twist gum
- Ring Pops (certain flavors)
Potential Health Concerns Associated with Synthetic Red Dyes
The conversation around synthetic red dyes extends beyond just knowing which candies contain them. It also touches upon potential health implications, particularly for sensitive individuals. Research has explored connections between these dyes and various health outcomes.
Behavioral Issues in Children
Numerous studies, including some reviewed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), have suggested a link between artificial food dyes and hyperactivity and behavioral changes in children, especially those with ADHD. While the FDA has acknowledged that not all children are affected, it recognizes that some may exhibit sensitivities. Potential side effects reported in sensitive children include irritability, anxiety, and hyperactivity.
Allergic Reactions and Sensitivities
Though rare, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or sensitivities to synthetic dyes like Red Dye 40. Symptoms can range from mild skin reactions, such as hives and swelling, to more severe responses like asthma in highly sensitive people. These reactions are sometimes mistaken for sugar rushes but are caused by the dye itself.
Other Concerns
Ongoing research continues to investigate other potential risks. Animal studies have raised concerns about carcinogens in some artificial dyes and potential inflammatory responses in the gut. The cumulative effect of long-term consumption of highly processed foods, many of which contain these dyes, is also a topic of discussion among health professionals.
Comparison Table: Red Dye 40 vs. Red Dye 3
| Feature | Red Dye 40 (Allura Red AC) | Red Dye 3 (Erythrosine) |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Petroleum-based synthetic colorant | Petroleum-based synthetic colorant |
| Current FDA Status | Approved for use in food, beverages, and drugs | Authorization for food and ingested drugs to be revoked in Jan 2027 |
| International Status | Approved in EU, but with mandatory hyperactivity warning label | Banned from use in food in several countries |
| Known Concerns | Hyperactivity in sensitive children, potential for allergic reactions | Thyroid tumor link in animal studies |
| Examples in Candy | Skittles, M&M's, Jolly Rancher | Historically in PEZ, Brach's Candy Corn (many reformulated) |
Navigating Candy Choices: How to Find Dye-Free Alternatives
For those seeking to avoid artificial red dyes, several strategies can help make healthier dietary choices. The good news is that many brands now offer products made with natural colorants, and a simple label check can make all the difference.
Read the Label Carefully
Since food manufacturers are required to list all ingredients, the most direct way to identify red dye is to read the ingredient list. Look for names such as:
- Red 40
- Red 40 Lake
- Allura Red AC
- FD&C Red No. 40
Be mindful that the higher up the ingredient is on the list, the more of it is present in the product.
Seek Naturally Colored Candies
An increasing number of companies are using plant-based ingredients to color their confections. These include fruit and vegetable juices, as well as extracts from beets, paprika, and annatto. Examples of brands offering naturally colored or dye-free options include:
- YumEarth
- Black Forest Organic
- SmartSweets
- UNREAL
- Mamba Fruit Chews (certain varieties)
- Trader Joe's brand candies
Making Healthier Decisions
Switching to naturally colored candies is one step toward a diet with fewer synthetic additives, but it's important to remember the larger nutritional context. The best approach for overall nutrition is to reduce the intake of highly processed foods and focus on a diet rich in whole foods, like fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These items are naturally free of artificial colors and offer a wide range of essential nutrients.
Conclusion
Navigating the world of candy and artificial dyes requires a bit of knowledge and attention to detail. By understanding the difference between Red Dye 40 and the banned Red Dye 3, reading ingredient labels carefully, and exploring the growing number of dye-free alternatives, consumers can make more informed choices. While synthetic food dyes are a prominent feature of modern processed foods, being aware of their presence and opting for natural options, especially for sensitive individuals, is a proactive step toward a healthier and more mindful approach to eating. For detailed regulatory information, the FDA's official website is an authoritative resource.
