Should you take vitamin E and selenium together?

January 12, 2026 •

3 min read

Recent research indicates that vitamin E and selenium can work together synergistically to enhance antioxidant protection and support immune function. However, a major study known as the SELECT trial uncovered significant risks associated with high-dose supplementation, particularly concerning prostate cancer.

Quick Summary

This article examines the collaborative antioxidant effects of vitamin E and selenium, detailing their benefits for immunity and cellular health. It also reviews the potential dangers of high-dose supplementation, informing readers on risks.

Key Points

Synergy Exists: Vitamin E and selenium work together as powerful antioxidants to protect cells from damaging free radicals.
Dietary Intake is Safest: For most people, consuming a balanced diet rich in whole foods is the safest way to meet their needs for both nutrients.
High-Dose Risks: The SELECT trial found that high-dose supplementation, particularly in specific groups of men, increased the risk of prostate cancer.
Avoid Excessive Doses: Taking supplements at doses far exceeding the recommended daily allowance can be harmful and potentially toxic.
Consult a Professional: Always seek advice from a healthcare provider before starting any high-dose vitamin or mineral supplements.
Individual Needs Vary: Factors like soil quality, pre-existing health conditions, and diet determine whether supplementation might be necessary.

Understanding the Antioxidant Power Duo

Vitamin E and selenium are two distinct nutrients that play critical roles in the body's defense against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, which can damage cells and contribute to chronic diseases. Vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant, primarily acts as a shield for cell membranes, protecting them from damage caused by free radicals. Selenium, on the other hand, is a trace mineral that is a crucial component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). This enzyme helps recycle oxidized vitamin E, allowing it to continue its protective role. This cooperative relationship means that adequate levels of both nutrients are necessary for a robust antioxidant system.

The Reported Benefits of Their Combination

The synergistic effect of vitamin E and selenium is well-documented in animal studies and has been explored for potential human health benefits.

Enhanced Immune Support

Both nutrients are essential for a healthy immune system. Vitamin E helps regulate immune cell activity, while selenium plays a role in managing inflammatory responses. The combined action can help fortify the body's defenses against illness, particularly in older adults.

Cellular and Thyroid Protection

Together, these antioxidants provide broad cellular protection. This can impact various systems, including the eyes and heart. Selenium is also vital for proper thyroid function, which regulates metabolism. For some individuals with autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto's, supervised selenium supplementation has shown potential benefits.

Significant Risks and the SELECT Trial

Despite the theoretical benefits, the results from large-scale human studies have tempered enthusiasm for widespread supplementation. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) found concerning outcomes for specific populations.

The SELECT study revealed:

Increased Prostate Cancer Risk for Some Men: For men with high baseline selenium status, taking selenium supplements increased the risk of high-grade prostate cancer by 91 percent.
Higher Cancer Risk with Vitamin E: For men with low baseline selenium status, taking vitamin E supplements increased their total risk of prostate cancer by 63 percent.
High Doses Are Unpredictable: The trial concluded that high-dose single supplements, far exceeding daily recommended intakes, are unpredictable and can be harmful.

Dietary Intake vs. Supplementation

For most people, a well-balanced diet provides sufficient vitamin E and selenium without the risks associated with high-dose supplements. The nutrient content of plant-based foods can vary significantly depending on soil quality. However, animal-based sources like meat, poultry, and seafood offer a more reliable intake of selenium.

Food Sources for Vitamin E and Selenium

To increase your intake of these nutrients through food, consider adding the following to your diet:

Vitamin E: Wheat germ oil, sunflower seeds, almonds, peanuts, spinach, broccoli, and kiwi.
Selenium: Brazil nuts, seafood (tuna, halibut), poultry, beef, eggs, fortified cereals, and cottage cheese.

Comparison of Intake Methods


Feature	Dietary Intake	Supplementation
Safety Profile	Generally very safe; low risk of toxicity from food sources.	High doses can be toxic and may increase certain health risks.
Nutrient Balance	Balanced intake of multiple nutrients and cofactors.	Can lead to nutrient imbalances if not managed carefully.
Recommended for	Most healthy individuals seeking optimal nutrition.	Individuals with documented deficiencies or specific medical conditions, always under a doctor's supervision.
Risks of Excess	Extremely low risk.	Significant risks of toxicity (selenosis) and other adverse effects.
Cost	Part of regular food expenses.	Can be an added recurring cost.

Conclusion: A Cautious Approach is Best

The question of whether to take vitamin E and selenium together is complex, with definitive answers depending on individual health status and dietary habits. While the synergistic antioxidant effect is scientifically sound, the evidence from large-scale human trials like SELECT cautions against indiscriminate, high-dose supplementation. For the majority of people, meeting the daily recommended intake through a healthy and varied diet is both effective and safe. If you have a known deficiency, a pre-existing health condition, or are considering supplements, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional. These professionals can assess your individual needs and recommend a safe and appropriate dosage, helping you avoid potentially serious health risks.

For more information on recommended daily allowances and safety guidelines, you can visit the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements website.

Frequently Asked Questions

The main benefit is their synergistic antioxidant effect. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from damage, while selenium is essential for an enzyme that helps regenerate vitamin E, allowing for enhanced cellular protection.

Yes, large-scale studies have shown risks. The SELECT trial indicated that high-dose supplementation may increase the risk of prostate cancer in certain men, and excessive selenium can lead to toxicity symptoms like hair loss and nausea.

Most healthy individuals can obtain sufficient amounts of both nutrients through a balanced diet. Sources include nuts, seeds, leafy greens, fish, poultry, and whole grains.

Supplementation should primarily be considered by individuals with a documented deficiency, malabsorption issues, or specific medical conditions, and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Symptoms of excessive selenium intake, known as selenosis, can include a metallic taste in the mouth, brittle nails, hair loss, gastrointestinal upset, fatigue, and nerve damage.

To determine your nutrient status, a healthcare professional can order blood tests. These tests can help identify any deficiencies and guide decisions regarding supplementation.

Generally, multivitamins contain low doses of nutrients well within safe limits. The primary risks are associated with high-dose single supplements, though it is always wise to inform your doctor about all supplements you take.