The Surprising Geographical Divide in M&M's Production
For consumers in the United States, the red candies in a bag of M&M's contain the artificial colorant Red 40. However, a significant difference exists for those eating M&M's in many European countries, where the red candies get their color from carmine, which is derived from the cochineal insect. This variation highlights the importance of reading food labels carefully, especially for those with specific dietary needs or ethical concerns.
What Exactly is Cochineal?
Cochineal is a natural red dye produced from the dried, crushed bodies of female cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus). These tiny insects live on prickly pear cacti, primarily in Central and South America. The dye is extracted from a substance called carminic acid produced by the insect as a defense mechanism.
- Production Process: The process involves boiling the dried insects, and the resulting extract is combined with aluminum to form carmine, which is then used as a colorant.
- Labeling: In Europe, cochineal is identified by the code E120. In the U.S., it may be listed as cochineal extract, carmine, or Natural Red 4.
The Role of Synthetic Dyes in U.S. M&M's
In contrast to the European recipe, red M&M's in the U.S. are colored with Red 40, a synthetic color additive derived from petroleum. This choice can be traced back to historical events.
In 1976, Mars temporarily eliminated red M&M's from their bags due to public concerns over a different red dye, FD&C Red #2 (Amaranth), which was suspected of being carcinogenic. Although Red #2 was not used in M&M's, the company made the change to avoid consumer anxiety. When red candies were reintroduced in 1987, they were colored with Red 40 instead.
Dietary Considerations for M&M's
The difference in red coloring has significant implications for various dietary practices:
- Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Since cochineal is an animal product, any M&M's containing carmine (E120) are not suitable for a vegan or strict vegetarian diet. Even some U.S. M&M's are not vegan, as the milk chocolate contains dairy products.
- Allergies: While cochineal is considered safe for most people, a small percentage may experience allergic reactions, ranging from hives to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. In 2009, the FDA mandated that U.S. labels clearly list carmine or cochineal extract to help consumers with allergies identify the ingredient.
- Halal and Kosher: For those following a Halal diet, carmine's insect origin makes it forbidden (haram) according to many Islamic rulings, although some scholarly debate exists. Most M&M's sold in the U.S. are certified Kosher, but the dairy content means they are a dairy product, not a meat product.
Comparison of Food Colorants in M&M's
This table summarizes the differences between the colorants used in U.S. and European red M&M's.
| Feature | U.S. Red M&M's | European Red M&M's |
|---|---|---|
| Red Colorant | FD&C Red 40 (Allura Red AC) | Carmine (E120) |
| Source | Synthetic (petroleum-derived) | Natural (cochineal insects) |
| Vegan Status | Not vegan (contains dairy), but red dye is not insect-derived | Not vegan (contains dairy and insect-derived dye) |
| Labeling | "Red 40" or "Red 40 Lake" | "E120" or "carmine" |
| Allergy Risk | Low-risk for most, but potential for allergic reaction exists | Small but increasing risk of allergic reactions to insect proteins |
Beyond M&M's: Reading Labels for Your Dietary Needs
The M&M's case is a prime example of why checking food labels is essential, especially with globalized supply chains. Many other food products and cosmetics contain carmine (E120), particularly those with red or pink hues, such as certain yogurts, juices, and lipsticks. Consumers who are vegan, have allergies, or follow specific religious diets should be vigilant in checking ingredient lists for carmine, cochineal, or E120 to ensure compliance with their dietary choices. This vigilance is a key component of a mindful approach to a healthy nutrition diet.
For more detailed information on color additives and labeling regulations in the United States, consumers can consult the FDA Color Additives History page.
Conclusion
The difference in food dyes used in red M&M's between the United States and Europe is a significant point of clarification for many. U.S. versions rely on the synthetic Red 40, while European versions use carmine (E120), a natural red dye derived from insects. This distinction is crucial for consumers following vegan or vegetarian diets, as well as those with specific allergies. By understanding these variations and adopting the habit of reading ingredient labels, individuals can make informed choices that align with their personal dietary and ethical standards. The practice of label-reading is key to navigating the complexities of modern food production and maintaining a thoughtful nutrition diet.
