Understanding Red Dyes: Red 40 vs. The Banned Red 3
Not all red dyes are the same. The two primary ones that have been in the spotlight recently are FD&C Red No. 40 and FD&C Red No. 3. Their regulatory status and potential health implications are distinct, making it crucial to understand the difference when checking candy labels.
Red Dye No. 40 (Allura Red AC)
Red Dye 40 is a synthetic azo dye derived from petroleum distillates and coal tars. It is one of the most widely used food colorings in the United States and gives foods a vibrant red hue. While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it for use, it remains controversial. Some studies suggest a link between Red Dye 40 and hyperactivity in children, as well as allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. The dye can also be found as "Allura Red AC" or "Red 40 Lake" on ingredient lists.
Red Dye No. 3 (Erythrosine)
Red Dye 3 was a synthetic dye derived from iodine-based compounds. Following decades of evidence linking it to thyroid cancer in animal studies, the FDA banned its use in food products, effective January 2025. However, a reformulation period allows manufacturers to deplete existing stock, meaning some products containing Red Dye 3 might still be on shelves until 2027. Its presence is a key reason for the reformulation of many popular candies.
Candies With Artificial Red Dyes
Many candies use artificial red dyes to create their signature bright colors. The most common is Red Dye 40. Reading labels is the most reliable way to identify them, as formulations can change.
Popular Candies With Red Dye 40
- Skittles: Contains Red 40 in various flavors.
- M&M's: The red candies famously use Red 40.
- Strawberry Twizzlers: This licorice-style candy contains Red 40.
- Swedish Fish: The iconic red fish are colored with Red 40.
- Jolly Ranchers: Many red-colored Jolly Rancher hard candies and gummies list Red 40.
- Hot Tamales: The original flavor includes Red 40.
Candies Affected by the Red Dye 3 Ban
With the FDA ban on Red Dye 3, manufacturers have been forced to change their recipes. Until reformulations are complete, some products might still contain it. Here are some candies that have been identified as previously containing or needing reformulation for Red Dye 3:
- Pez Candy: Assorted fruit flavors.
- Brach's Candy Corn: Included Red 3 in its classic formulation.
- Dubble Bubble: Some versions of the original twist gum contained Red 3.
- Brach's Conversation Hearts: A Valentine's Day classic, the red ones used Red 3.
Natural vs. Artificial Red Dyes in Candy
For those seeking to avoid synthetic additives, many manufacturers are now turning to natural sources for red coloring. The distinction between artificial, petroleum-derived dyes and natural pigments is significant for health-conscious consumers.
| Feature | Artificial Red Dyes (e.g., Red 40) | Natural Red Colorings (e.g., Carmine, Beetroot) |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Petroleum distillates and coal tars | Plants (beetroot, paprika), insects (cochineal) |
| Cost | Generally more affordable | Often more expensive |
| Color Intensity | Bright, uniform, and stable color | Milder, potentially less stable, can affect flavor |
| Regulatory Status (US) | FDA-approved, requires batch certification (Red 40). Banned in 2025 (Red 3). | FDA-approved, exempt from batch certification. Requires specific labeling if sourced from cochineal. |
| Associated Concerns | Hyperactivity in sensitive children, allergic reactions, potential link to inflammation and DNA damage in animal studies | Allergic reactions possible, especially with carmine, which is an insect extract. |
Candies With Natural Red Coloring and Dye-Free Options
Fortunately, a growing number of brands are offering candies free from artificial dyes, using natural ingredients to achieve their colors. Consumers must still check labels, as even natural colorings like carmine can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.
Examples of brands and products with natural red coloring or dye-free options:
- YumEarth: This brand specializes in organic and naturally colored candies, including lollipops, gummy fruits, and licorice, which use fruit and vegetable juices for color.
- SmartSweets: Offers a range of candies like gummy bears and sours that are free from artificial dyes and use vegetable juice and fruit extracts.
- Unreal: Provides chocolate candies, like milk chocolate gems, that are colored using natural sources.
- Whole Foods/Trader Joe's Brands: Their house-brand candies and seasonal treats are often naturally colored and avoid synthetic dyes.
- Certain Hi-Chew Flavors: While some Hi-Chew flavors contain artificial dyes, many newer and limited-edition flavors boast natural colorings.
The Evolving Conversation Around Food Dyes
Consumer demand and regulatory changes are driving a shift away from synthetic dyes. The FDA's ban on Red Dye 3, catalyzed by state-level legislation in California, signals a broader reevaluation of food additives. While Red Dye 40 remains on the market, studies linking it to behavioral issues in sensitive children and other health concerns in animal models keep the debate alive. European Union regulations are often stricter, requiring warning labels for some dyes. This evolving landscape means consumers must stay informed and proactive about checking ingredient lists.
For additional information on food additives, consider consulting resources from organizations such as the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI). The decision of which candies to consume is personal, but understanding the ingredients behind the vibrant colors is an important first step. Ultimately, reading labels and choosing products that align with your health values are key to making informed decisions.
Conclusion
Understanding what candies have the red dye in them involves distinguishing between Red Dye 40, which is still widely used but faces scrutiny, and Red Dye 3, which is being phased out due to health concerns. Consumers seeking to avoid artificial dyes have a growing number of alternatives available that use natural colorings from fruits, vegetables, and other sources. By reading ingredient labels and being aware of the different types of red dyes, shoppers can make choices that align with their health and dietary preferences, especially for children who may be sensitive to these synthetic additives.
