What is Titanium Dioxide?
Titanium dioxide, also known as E171, is a white pigment from mineral ores used in food for its whitening and brightening properties. It helps colors in hard-shelled candies, gummies, and mints appear more vibrant and provides a smooth, opaque finish. It is also found in paints, cosmetics, and sunscreens, with the food-grade version processed differently. Its use in food has become controversial, leading to regulatory and manufacturer changes.
Notable Candies (Historically) Containing Titanium Dioxide
While many companies are reformulating products, some candies have historically contained titanium dioxide:
- Skittles: As of late 2024, U.S. Skittles no longer contain titanium dioxide, a change influenced by consumer concerns and a lawsuit. Formulas may vary in other regions.
- M&M's: Certain varieties, like M&M's with peanuts, have included titanium dioxide. Consumers should check current labels.
- Trolli Gummies: Some Trolli sour gummy products have been listed as containing the additive. Ingredient lists can differ by product and region.
- Ring Pops: Certain flavors, such as Berry Blast, have used titanium dioxide.
- Mints: Various brands of white peppermint candies and mints, including Brach's Star Brites and some Mars Wrigley products, have historically used it.
- Other Products: Titanium dioxide can also be found in candy components of snack mixes and cake decorations.
Regulatory Landscape: EU vs. FDA
The regulatory status of titanium dioxide in food differs significantly between the European Union and the United States.
EU Ban
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) deemed E171 unsafe as a food additive in 2021 due to concerns about potential genotoxicity from nanoparticles, leading to an EU-wide ban in 2022.
FDA Status
The U.S. FDA permits titanium dioxide in food, limiting it to 1% by weight, citing no demonstrated safety concerns in available studies. However, state actions and advocacy are prompting review.
How to Check for and Avoid Titanium Dioxide
To avoid titanium dioxide, check the ingredient list for "titanium dioxide," "color added," or "E171". U.S. certified organic products do not contain it. Reducing consumption of ultra-processed foods, especially brightly or opaquely colored ones, can also help.
Alternatives Used in Confectionery
Manufacturers are turning to alternatives such as calcium carbonate, rice starch, silica-based additives, and zinc oxide to achieve similar visual effects without titanium dioxide.
Comparison of Titanium Dioxide Status
| Feature | United States (FDA) | European Union (EU) |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory Status | Permitted (up to 1% by weight) | Banned as a food additive since 2022 |
| Manufacturer Action | Some companies (e.g., Mars) voluntarily removing it | All food manufacturers required to remove it |
| Key Concern | Previously considered low risk, now under review | Genotoxicity (potential DNA damage) |
| Labeling | Labeled as "Titanium Dioxide" or "Color Added" | Can no longer be listed for new food products |
| Precautionary Principle | Not currently adopted for this additive | Guided EU's decision to ban due to scientific uncertainty |
Conclusion
While once common, titanium dioxide is being phased out of many candies, notably by major producers like Mars. The different regulatory stances of the EU and U.S. reflect ongoing scientific debate. Consumers can identify the additive by reading labels for "titanium dioxide" or "E171" or by choosing certified organic options. Consumer demand for transparency is a key driver of these changes in the candy industry.
For more information on food additive advocacy, you can refer to resources like the Center for Food Safety.
