What is Palm Kernel and Palm Kernel Oil?
Palm kernel is the edible seed found inside the fruit of the oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis), which is native to West and Central Africa. The fruit produces two different oils: palm oil, which is extracted from the outer, fleshy part, and palm kernel oil, which is derived from the kernel itself. Palm kernel oil is a type of lauric oil, similar to coconut oil, and is characterized by its high percentage of saturated fats, which gives it hardness at room temperature and a low melting point.
The extraction process involves separating the kernels from the fibrous mesocarp and hard shells after the palm oil has been pressed from the fruit. The kernels are then crushed and pressed mechanically to extract the crude palm kernel oil. After the oil is extracted, the solid residue is known as palm kernel cake or meal.
The Fatty Acid Profile of Palm Kernel Oil
The primary component of palm kernel oil is fat, consisting of a blend of fatty acids. Unlike palm oil, palm kernel oil is rich in medium-chain fatty acids, with lauric acid being the most dominant.
Key fatty acids found in palm kernel oil include lauric acid (typically 48–52%), myristic acid (14–17%), palmitic acid, and oleic acid. This fatty acid makeup contributes to palm kernel oil's distinct properties.
Vitamins and Antioxidants
Palm kernel oil also contains important fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants, such as Vitamin E (including tocopherols and tocotrienols) and Vitamin K, which offer various health and cosmetic benefits. Though less than crude palm oil, it also contains some Vitamin A.
The Byproduct: Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)
After oil extraction, the remaining palm kernel cake (PKC) is a valuable byproduct used primarily as animal feed, especially for ruminant animals like dairy cattle. PKC is a fibrous, medium-grade protein feed.
PKC Composition
PKC has a medium protein content (12% to 18%) and high fiber content. It also contains essential minerals such as magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, and calcium.
Comparison: Palm Kernel Oil vs. Coconut Oil
Both palm kernel oil and coconut oil are lauric oils with similar properties, but they have key differences.
| Feature | Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) | Coconut Oil (CNO) |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Seed (kernel) of the oil palm fruit. | Dried meat (copra) of the coconut fruit. |
| Lauric Acid Content | ~48–52%. | Generally higher, sometimes exceeding 50%. |
| Melting Point | Lower than palm oil, giving it a sharp melt. | Also low, resulting in similar sharp melting properties. |
| Sustainability Concerns | Associated with deforestation and biodiversity loss if not sourced sustainably. | Smaller ecological footprint compared to palm oil. |
| Industrial Use | Common in soap, detergents, and industrial uses. | Versatile across food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. |
| Cost | Typically more cost-efficient for bulk industrial needs. | Often higher priced, positioned for premium markets. |
Versatile Applications in Industry
What palm kernel contains makes it valuable in many sectors.
- Cosmetics and Skincare: Its emollient properties and medium-chain fatty acids make it a good moisturizing agent in soaps, lotions, and creams.
- Soaps and Detergents: The high lauric acid content gives it superior lathering and cleansing properties.
- Oleochemicals: It serves as a source for oleochemicals used in various industrial products.
- Biofuel: Palm kernel shells and other byproducts can be used for biofuel.
The Extraction Process: A Closer Look
Producing palm kernel oil involves separating kernels, drying them, cracking them to get the seeds, and then mechanically pressing them to extract the oil. The crude oil is clarified, and more efficient methods like solvent extraction can also be used.
Conclusion
Palm kernel contains a high concentration of fats, notably lauric and myristic acids, along with vitamins (E, K, A) and minerals. This composition makes palm kernel oil a versatile ingredient in food, cosmetics, and industrial applications. The leftover palm kernel cake is a key component in animal feed. Understanding the composition of palm kernel highlights its importance as a valuable resource. Sustainable sourcing is crucial to minimize environmental impact.
Learn More About Sustainable Palm Kernel Sourcing
For further information on responsible sourcing and the wider palm oil industry, consider reading the FOSFA International report on Palm Kernel Oil.
