The Synthetic Origins of E122
E122, scientifically known as Azorubine or commonly as Carmoisine, is a synthetic food additive created through chemical processes rather than being extracted from plants or animals. Its creation begins with raw materials derived from petroleum, specifically coal tar. This means it has no biological or natural component in its composition. The dye was developed to serve as a cost-effective and more stable alternative to natural red colorants, such as carmine.
The synthesis of E122 involves a multi-step chemical reaction known as a coupling process. This reaction creates the characteristic azo group, which is a key component of all azo dyes and is responsible for their vibrant color. The end product is typically a red to burgundy colored disodium salt, although calcium, potassium salts, and aluminum lakes of E122 are also permitted.
Chemical Composition and Manufacturing Process
The chemical formula for E122 is C20H12N2Na2O7S2. This complex structure highlights its synthetic nature. The primary component is disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate, along with other uncolored components like sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. The manufacturing process follows these steps:
- Sourcing raw materials: The process begins with derivatives of coal tar, primarily benzene, which is a petroleum product.
- Synthesizing aniline: Aniline or its derivatives, which contain an amino group, are synthesized from the initial raw materials.
- Coupling reaction: The aniline derivative is reacted with another chemical component, 4-hydroxy-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid, in a process that forms the azo group and creates the final azorubine molecule.
- Salt formation: The resulting azorubine is typically converted into its disodium salt for commercial use, appearing as a red powder or granules.
Applications and Regulations of E122
E122 is valued in the food industry for its high solubility in water, and its resistance to heat, light, and changes in pH. These properties make it ideal for coloring a wide array of food and drink products, including fermented items that undergo heat treatment.
Common Products Containing E122
- Jams, syrups, and jellies
- Confectionery products, including sweets and marzipan
- Desserts, such as yogurts and ice creams
- Baked goods like Swiss rolls and some breaded products
- Beverages, including soft drinks and some alcoholic drinks
It is important to note that the regulatory status of E122 varies significantly across different countries. For example, while it is permitted in the European Union (EU), where foods containing it must carry a specific warning label, it is banned in several other nations.
E122 Safety Profile and Health Concerns
As a synthetic food colorant, E122 has undergone various safety evaluations. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated its safety, establishing an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-4 mg per kg of body weight. However, some studies and observations have raised specific health concerns:
- Hyperactivity in children: Research, notably the Southampton study, has linked consumption of certain artificial food colors, including E122, with increased hyperactivity in some children. As a result, the EU requires a warning label on products containing this additive.
- Allergic reactions: E122 is an azo dye, and like other members of this group, it may trigger intolerance reactions in individuals who are sensitive to salicylates or prone to asthma.
- Coal tar derivatives: Its origin from coal tar has raised concerns among some consumers, contributing to the demand for natural alternatives.
| Aspect | E122 (Azorubine) | Carmine (Natural Alternative) |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Synthetic, derived from coal tar | Natural, extracted from cochineal insects |
| Cost | Generally less expensive to produce | Can be more expensive due to extraction process |
| Color Stability | Highly stable against light, heat, and pH | Can be less stable under certain conditions |
| Regulatory Status | Varies by country; permitted in EU with warning, banned in US | Generally accepted as a safe food additive globally |
| Vegan Friendly | Yes, it is synthetic and not from animal sources | No, it is derived from insects |
Conclusion: Understanding E122's Role and Composition
In conclusion, what is E122 food additive made of? The answer is that it is a completely synthetic product derived from coal tar, a petroleum byproduct. Known as Azorubine or Carmoisine, this azo dye provides a stable and vibrant red color to a variety of foodstuffs. While its efficiency and cost-effectiveness have made it a popular choice for manufacturers, its synthetic composition and potential link to hyperactivity in children and allergic reactions have led to differing regulatory stances across the globe. For consumers, recognizing E122 on an ingredients list means acknowledging that the product contains an artificially produced colorant, with some countries even requiring a specific health warning.
