The Science Behind Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW)
Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW), also called alkaline ionized water, is water treated with electrolysis to change its properties. A water ionizer machine has a chamber with positively and negatively charged electrodes, separated by a membrane. Tap water, which contains minerals, flows through the chamber. An electrical current splits the water molecules and dissolved minerals into two streams. The stream at the cathode (negative electrode) is ERW, and the stream at the anode (positive electrode) is acidic.
The Electrolysis Process
At the cathode, water undergoes a reduction reaction, increasing the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and producing dissolved hydrogen gas (H₂). This creates water with a higher pH and a negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). At the anode, an oxidation reaction creates water with a lower pH. The properties of the ERW depend on the source water's mineral content and the machine's settings.
The Active Component: Molecular Hydrogen
For years, the health benefits of ERW were mistakenly linked to its alkaline pH or concepts like 'microclustering'. However, research shows that dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂) is the therapeutic agent. As a small, neutral, and bioavailable molecule, H₂ can penetrate cell membranes to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. Studies show that neutralizing the water's alkalinity before cellular experiments does not remove the positive effects, proving the alkaline pH is not the cause.
Potential Health Benefits of Drinking ERW
The antioxidative properties of the molecular hydrogen in ERW are the basis for its purported health benefits, which have been explored in animal and human studies.
- Reduction of Oxidative Stress: By scavenging free radicals, ERW can help mitigate oxidative damage at the cellular level, which is a factor in aging and chronic diseases.
- Decreased Inflammation: ERW consumption has been correlated with decreased markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting a role in managing inflammatory conditions.
- Improved Metabolic Parameters: Studies suggest that ERW may improve insulin sensitivity and help regulate blood glucose levels.
- Digestive Health: ERW consumption has been linked to reduced oxidative stress markers in the gastrointestinal tract and may help alleviate symptoms of gastritis and ulcers.
- Neuroprotection: Research has shown that ERW can protect neural cells from oxidative damage.
Key Applications of Electrolyzed Water Beyond Drinking
A water ionizer machine produces ERW (for drinking) and acidic electrolyzed water (EOW), which have uses beyond consumption.
- Cleaning and Disinfection: Strong acidic water (low pH) has antimicrobial properties and is effective for sanitizing kitchen utensils and countertops.
- Beauty and Skin Care: Mildly acidic water (pH 4.0-6.0) has astringent effects that can tone and firm the skin, making it useful for facial washing and hair care.
- Food Preparation: Alkaline ERW can enhance flavors and reduce the need for excess seasoning. Acidic water can also be used to wash fruits and vegetables.
Comparing Electrolyzed Reduced Water to Tap and Bottled Water
| Feature | Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) | Tap Water | Bottled Water |
|---|---|---|---|
| Production Method | Produced by electrolysis using a water ionizer machine. | Sourced from a municipal supply and treated with chemicals like chlorine. | Filtered via methods like reverse osmosis, with synthetic minerals often added. |
| Antioxidant Potential | High, due to dissolved molecular hydrogen. | Very low or non-existent. | Non-existent, may contain acidic properties depending on brand. |
| pH Level | Ranges from mildly to highly alkaline, typically pH 8.5 to 9.5 for drinking. | Varies greatly by location, typically neutral or slightly alkaline. | Can be neutral, acidic, or artificially alkalized with chemicals. |
| Cost & Accessibility | High initial investment for a machine, but lower cost per liter over time. | Inexpensive and readily available through municipal infrastructure. | High cost per liter, but widely accessible. Significant environmental impact from plastic. |
| Chemical Content | Filtered to remove impurities before electrolysis. May leach metal particles at very high pH. | Contains regulated chemical disinfectants and potentially unregulated pollutants. | Not guaranteed to be purer than tap water and can contain plastic-leached toxins. |
Safety Considerations for ERW
While ERW is generally considered safe, certain precautions are necessary, particularly when using machines that can produce high pH water. High pH ERW (above pH 9.8) can present risks, especially for individuals with kidney issues, and has been linked to potential issues like hyperkalemia and impaired nutrient absorption. Proper maintenance of the electrolysis plates is crucial, as degradation of the platinum-coated electrodes can leach potentially toxic metals into the water at high voltages. Users should adhere to manufacturer guidelines and governmental regulations that restrict the pH level for ingested water. Regular monitoring of the machine's dissolved hydrogen output is also recommended to ensure efficacy.
Conclusion: Evaluating the Role of Electrolyzed Reduced Water
Electrolyzed reduced water is a functional water defined by its antioxidant molecular hydrogen content, which sets it apart from tap and standard bottled water. Claims of microclustering or therapeutic effects from alkalinity are largely unsubstantiated. The potential lies in the antioxidant properties of dissolved molecular hydrogen, a fact supported by research. Prospective users should focus on obtaining sufficient hydrogen concentrations from reputable devices while being mindful of the safety risks associated with high pH water. Informed use, backed by scientific understanding is key to incorporating electrolyzed water safely and effectively into one's routine. For more information on the specific properties of molecular hydrogen, the Molecular Hydrogen Institute is a valuable resource.
