Prioritizing Protein and Calories
During cancer treatment, the body often needs more calories and protein than usual to repair tissue and fight infection. Many patients experience a loss of appetite, and focusing on nutrient-dense foods becomes a priority. The goal is to provide the body with the fuel it needs, even if hunger cues are diminished. Instead of three large meals, patients may benefit from five to six smaller, high-calorie, and high-protein meals or snacks throughout the day.
High-protein sources include:
- Lean meats, poultry, and fish
- Eggs and low-fat dairy products
- Plant-based proteins like beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, and tofu
- Greek yogurt, cottage cheese, and nut butters
High-calorie options include:
- Avocado, olive oil, and nuts
- Protein-rich smoothies and shakes
- Cooked cereals, puddings, and dried fruits
Managing Side Effects Through Diet
Dietary adjustments can help manage specific side effects caused by cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation. A tailored approach is key, as different side effects require different nutritional strategies.
Nausea and Vomiting
To combat nausea, eating small, frequent meals can be more manageable than large ones. Bland, low-fat foods are often the most tolerable. Cold foods, which have less odor, may also be more appealing.
- Foods to try: Plain crackers, toast, rice, baked chicken or fish, applesauce, and herbal tea like ginger or peppermint.
- Tips: Sip on clear liquids, avoid strong smells, and stay upright for at least an hour after eating.
Changes in Taste and Smell
Treatment can alter taste perception, making food taste metallic, bitter, or bland. Experimenting with new flavors and seasonings can help.
- To combat metallic taste: Use plastic or bamboo utensils, and avoid canned foods. Try poultry instead of red meat.
- To enhance bland flavors: Add marinades, herbs like basil and oregano, or sauces. Tart flavors from lemon or citrus can also be effective.
Mouth Sores and Difficulty Swallowing
For patients with painful mouth sores or difficulty chewing and swallowing (dysphagia), soft, moist, and smooth foods are best.
- Foods to choose: Smoothies, soups, mashed potatoes, well-cooked pasta, eggs, custard, and ice cream.
- Foods to avoid: Spicy, acidic, salty, crunchy, or very hot foods.
Constipation and Diarrhea
Depending on the issue, dietary fiber may need to be adjusted. Hydration is crucial for both.
- For constipation: Gradually increase fiber intake with whole grains, beans, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Drinking more fluids is essential.
- For diarrhea: Consume bland, low-fiber foods like white rice, bananas (the BRAT diet), applesauce, and toast. Replenish electrolytes with broths and sports drinks.
Foods to Emphasize and Avoid
While a balanced diet is generally recommended, specific food groups offer important nutrients, while others should be limited or avoided due to weakened immunity or lack of nutritional value.
| Food Category | Emphasize During Treatment | Avoid/Limit During Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Protein | Lean poultry, fish, eggs, low-fat dairy, beans, nuts, seeds, and tofu | Processed and red meat, which can be high in saturated fat |
| Fruits & Vegetables | A variety of colorful produce to get a range of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants | Unwashed raw produce, especially if immune-compromised |
| Grains & Carbs | Whole grains like oats, brown rice, whole-wheat bread, and high-fiber cereals | Refined carbohydrates and processed foods that are high in added sugars |
| Fats | Healthy fats from avocado, olive oil, and nuts | Fried foods and foods with hydrogenated oils that promote inflammation |
| Dairy | Low-fat dairy like yogurt and cheese, or alternatives if lactose-intolerant | Unpasteurized milk and cheeses |
| Liquids | Water, broths, and electrolyte drinks to stay hydrated | Sugary beverages and excessive alcohol |
The Role of Personalized Nutrition
No two cancer patients are the same, and nutritional needs can vary significantly based on the type of cancer, treatment plan, and individual side effects. Working with a registered dietitian specializing in oncology is the best way to develop a personalized eating plan. A dietitian can assess nutritional status, address specific challenges, and ensure the patient receives adequate nutrients to support recovery. For more information, the National Cancer Institute provides excellent resources: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/nutrition.
Conclusion: Fueling Your Body for Healing
Eating well during cancer treatment is a proactive step that can significantly improve a patient's strength, energy, and overall well-being. By focusing on a diet rich in high-quality protein, healthy fats, and a diverse range of fruits and vegetables, patients can better manage treatment-related side effects and support their immune system. While certain foods should be avoided, particularly those that increase infection risk or lack nutritional value, the emphasis should be on nourishing the body with what it can tolerate. Partnering with a healthcare team, including a dietitian, is crucial for creating a sustainable and effective nutrition plan for healing and recovery. Ultimately, food is a form of medicine, and a smart, informed approach to diet is a vital part of comprehensive cancer care.
