What Terpenes Affect Appetite? The Surprising Link Between Aroma and Hunger

According to a study in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, fragrant compounds including terpenes can significantly impact food intake and body weight. This has led to a deeper understanding of what terpenes affect appetite, with some compounds stimulating hunger and others acting as suppressants by interacting with the body's endocannabinoid system.

Quick Summary

Terpenes, aromatic compounds found in plants like cannabis, influence appetite by interacting with the body's endocannabinoid system. Key terpenes such as Myrcene and Pinene can stimulate hunger, while others, notably Humulene, may act as appetite suppressants.

Key Points

• Endocannabinoid System: Terpenes interact with the body's ECS to influence hunger signals and regulate hormones like ghrelin.

• Myrcene Stimulates Appetite: Myrcene, known for its calming properties and found in mangoes and hops, is a key terpene for increasing hunger.

• Humulene Suppresses Appetite: In contrast to other terpenes, Humulene (from hops and sage) acts as a proven appetite suppressant.

• Dual-Action Terpenes: Some terpenes like Limonene and Beta-Caryophyllene can have complex, dual effects on appetite, sometimes stimulating and at other times suppressing, depending on the combination of compounds.

• Entourage Effect: Terpenes work synergistically with cannabinoids like THC, amplifying their collective effects on appetite and other physiological processes.

• Food Sources: You can find terpenes in everyday foods; for example, Myrcene is in mangoes, Humulene in hops, and Caryophyllene in black pepper.

The Endocannabinoid System and Terpenes

Before diving into specific compounds, it is crucial to understand the mechanism behind how terpenes can influence appetite. Terpenes, the aromatic molecules found in many plants, interact with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is a complex cell-signaling system that plays a critical role in regulating various physiological functions, including mood, sleep, and appetite. Certain terpenes engage with receptors in the ECS, particularly the CB1 and CB2 receptors, to affect hunger signals and regulate the 'hunger hormone' ghrelin. When terpenes work in concert with cannabinoids like THC, this is known as the 'entourage effect,' which can amplify the overall impact on appetite.

Appetite-Stimulating Terpenes

For those looking to increase their appetite, several terpenes are known to provide a stimulating effect. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing appetite loss due to medical conditions, chemotherapy, or eating disorders.

Myrcene

Myrcene is one of the most abundant terpenes in cannabis and is well-known for its sedative, calming effects. In addition to promoting relaxation, Myrcene is strongly linked to increased appetite, often associated with the 'couch lock' effect of indica strains. It's found in various plants, including hops, lemongrass, and mangoes, with some anecdotal evidence suggesting that consuming mangoes before cannabis can enhance the effect of THC. Myrcene interacts with the ECS to regulate feeding behaviors and stimulate hunger.

Limonene

With its fresh, citrusy aroma, Limonene is known for its mood-enhancing and uplifting effects. By alleviating stress and anxiety, Limonene can indirectly boost appetite, as stress is often a major factor in appetite loss. However, it's worth noting that some sources present conflicting information on Limonene's appetite effects. While it is generally considered an appetite stimulant in cannabis contexts, some animal studies and anecdotal accounts suggest potential appetite-suppressing qualities. Its precise role in human appetite is still being explored, but its positive impact on mood makes it a good option for those whose appetite is hindered by stress.

Pinene

As the name suggests, Pinene has a characteristic pine-like aroma and is found in pine needles, rosemary, and basil. It's known for its ability to promote alertness and clear-headedness. For some, this increase in energy and mental focus can indirectly lead to greater appetite, especially when combined with other terpenes like Myrcene or Limonene. Pinene may also contribute to appetite by affecting neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.

Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP)

Beta-Caryophyllene is a unique terpene found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon leaves, giving it a spicy, peppery scent. Unlike other terpenes, BCP directly activates the CB2 receptors of the ECS. This interaction helps regulate inflammation and gut health, which can, in turn, enhance appetite, particularly for those with digestive issues. Some sources mention its potential for appetite suppression when combined with other terpenes like Humulene, but its primary function via CB2 often supports a balanced inflammatory and digestive response that can aid hunger. BCP also contributes to the production of anandamide, an endocannabinoid involved in appetite management.

Linalool

Linalool is responsible for the floral, spicy scent of lavender and coriander. It is primarily recognized for its calming and sedative properties. However, some studies have indicated that Linalool can increase food intake and body weight, possibly by helping to regulate the ghrelin hormone.

Appetite-Suppressing Terpenes

In contrast to the terpenes listed above, some have shown potential for suppressing appetite, making them of interest for weight management or controlling cravings.

Humulene

Humulene is one of the few terpenes widely recognized for its appetite-suppressing, or anorectic, properties. Found in hops, sage, and ginseng, Humulene has an earthy, woody aroma. It is believed to work by interacting with the ECS and mitigating the appetite-stimulating effects of other compounds, such as THC. While formal studies on its mechanism are limited, anecdotal evidence and preliminary research support its role in curbing cravings. Some researchers suggest it may act as a CB2 receptor agonist, potentially reducing food intake.

Terpene Effects on Appetite: A Comparison

Terpene	Primary Effect on Appetite	Primary Aroma	Common Food/Plant Sources
Myrcene	Stimulating	Earthy, musky	Mangoes, hops, lemongrass
Limonene	Stimulating/Complex	Citrusy	Lemons, oranges, mint
Pinene	Stimulating/Indirect	Pine	Pine needles, rosemary, basil
Beta-Caryophyllene	Stimulating/Complex	Peppery, spicy	Black pepper, cloves, basil
Linalool	Stimulating	Floral	Lavender, coriander, citrus
Humulene	Suppressing	Earthy, woody	Hops, sage, ginseng

How to Leverage Terpenes for Appetite Regulation

Understanding how terpenes affect appetite allows for more informed choices. For those seeking to stimulate hunger, focusing on strains or products rich in Myrcene, Pinene, and Limonene can be effective. If appetite suppression is the goal, prioritizing options high in Humulene and potentially pairing it with cannabinoids like THCV may be more beneficial.

One can incorporate these compounds through various means, including:

• Dietary choices: Eating terpene-rich foods, such as mangoes (Myrcene) or black pepper (Caryophyllene), can be a simple approach.
• Aromatherapy: Diffusing essential oils containing Limonene or other terpenes can help manage stress-induced eating or enhance mood to improve appetite.
• Targeted Products: For cannabis users, selecting strains based on their specific terpene profile can help achieve the desired effect. Many dispensaries and product labels now provide terpene information. For example, a strain like Granddaddy Purple is often high in Myrcene, while Headband typically contains Humulene.
• Tinctures and Oils: Terpene-infused oils and tinctures offer a versatile way to consume these compounds, with effects that can last longer than inhalation.

Conclusion: Balancing Your Approach

The relationship between terpenes and appetite is complex, primarily mediated by the endocannabinoid system. By understanding the effects of key terpenes like Myrcene and Humulene, individuals can make more informed choices to regulate their hunger. While some terpenes like Limonene and Beta-Caryophyllene have multi-faceted effects, their overall impact depends on the unique combination of compounds and individual body chemistry. Whether you aim to stimulate or suppress your appetite, considering a product's terpene profile is a valuable step. Always consult a healthcare professional before making significant changes to your wellness regimen, especially if using cannabis products for medicinal purposes.

For more detailed research, a study on beta-caryophyllene and its effect on eating behavior can be reviewed: The effect of β-caryophyllene on food addiction and its related anthropometric and biochemical markers among women with obesity and food addiction: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Frequently Asked Questions

Do all terpenes affect appetite?

No, not all terpenes influence appetite. However, a significant number of them interact with the body's endocannabinoid system to either stimulate or suppress hunger, while many others have no noticeable effect on appetite.

Can terpenes increase hunger without THC?

Yes, some terpenes, like Myrcene, can promote hunger independently of THC by interacting with the body's endocannabinoid system. They can also work synergistically with other cannabinoids to enhance effects.

What is the 'entourage effect' and how does it relate to terpenes and appetite?

The 'entourage effect' describes how the various compounds in a plant, like cannabis, work together to create a stronger or more balanced effect than any single compound alone. This means terpenes and cannabinoids can influence appetite in a combined, amplified way.

Which terpene is known for suppressing appetite?

Humulene is the most well-known terpene for its appetite-suppressing effects. It is commonly found in hops and sage and can help curb cravings.

What are some food sources for terpenes that affect appetite?

Many everyday foods contain these compounds. For example, Myrcene is found in mangoes and hops, Limonene in citrus fruits, and Caryophyllene in black pepper and cloves.

How can I incorporate terpenes to manage my appetite?

You can incorporate terpenes by eating terpene-rich foods, using essential oils for aromatherapy, or seeking out products with specific terpene profiles. Always consult with a healthcare provider before making changes to your wellness regimen.

Does Caryophyllene stimulate or suppress appetite?

Beta-Caryophyllene can have a complex effect. Some research suggests it can enhance appetite by improving gut health, while other sources indicate it may suppress hunger, especially when combined with other terpenes like Humulene. Its effect depends on the overall chemical profile and the individual.