The Hidden Dangers of Real Licorice
Many people are unaware that the health risks associated with licorice stem from a potent compound called glycyrrhizin, which is derived from the root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant. Authentic licorice and herbal supplements containing the real root can have a significant impact on the body. The FDA and other health organizations have issued warnings concerning its consumption, especially for certain high-risk populations.
The Role of Glycyrrhizin in Health Risks
Glycyrrhizin is responsible for the sweet flavor of licorice and its concerning side effects. When consumed excessively, glycyrrhizin can act similarly to aldosterone, a hormone regulating salt and water balance. This leads to the kidneys retaining sodium and water while increasing potassium excretion. This imbalance, known as pseudohyperaldosteronism, can cause elevated blood pressure and abnormal heart rhythms.
Identifying Products with Real Licorice
To identify products with real licorice, carefully read ingredient labels. Many candies, particularly red varieties in the US, use anise oil for flavor and do not contain glycyrrhizin. However, traditional black licorice, herbal teas, and supplements often contain real root extract. Look for ingredients like:
- Licorice extract
- Licorice root
- Glycyrrhizin
- Glycyrrhizic acid
Who Should Avoid Eating Licorice?
Certain individuals have a higher risk for adverse effects from licorice and should avoid it or consult a doctor.
Individuals with Heart Conditions or High Blood Pressure
The risk of cardiovascular complications is a major concern. Glycyrrhizin-induced sodium retention and potassium depletion can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of irregular heartbeat or cardiac arrest. This is especially dangerous for those with existing hypertension, heart failure, or rhythm disorders.
Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
Oral licorice is generally not recommended during pregnancy due to potential risks. High consumption has been linked to a higher risk of premature delivery and adverse effects on a child's cognitive development. The NIH advises against licorice while breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data.
Those with Kidney or Liver Disease
The kidneys and liver process dietary substances. Glycyrrhizin's impact on kidneys, causing fluid and salt imbalances, can be problematic for those with impaired renal function. Individuals with liver conditions may also have difficulty processing licorice.
Licorice and Medication Interactions
Licorice can interact with several medications, affecting their efficacy or increasing side effects. Consult a healthcare provider if you are taking:
- Diuretics: Licorice can increase potassium loss, leading to dangerously low levels.
- Blood thinners: It may reduce the effectiveness of warfarin, increasing clot risk.
- Heart rhythm medications: Low potassium from licorice can increase sensitivity to drugs like digoxin.
- Corticosteroids: Licorice can enhance their side effects, leading to greater potassium depletion.
- Antihypertensive medications: Licorice can counteract these drugs by causing sodium and water retention.
Licorice vs. Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is an option for those who want the flavor or benefits without glycyrrhizin. DGL is processed to remove the problematic compound, making it a safer alternative.
| Feature | Real Licorice Extract (Glycyrrhizin) | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Key Compound | Contains glycyrrhizin | Glycyrrhizin is removed |
| Impact on Blood Pressure | Can raise blood pressure | No significant effect on blood pressure |
| Effect on Potassium | Can cause potassium depletion | Does not cause potassium depletion |
| Drug Interactions | Interacts with numerous medications | Fewer drug interactions |
| Safety for Sensitive Groups | Unsafe for those with heart issues, hypertension, kidney disease, and pregnant women | Generally considered safer, but caution is advised |
How Much Is Too Much?
Determining a safe amount is challenging as glycyrrhizin concentration varies. The FDA advises those over 40 to avoid more than two ounces of black licorice daily for two weeks. The WHO suggests limiting glycyrrhizic acid to 100 mg per day. Individual sensitivity varies, so monitoring your body's response is key.
Conclusion
Occasional, small consumption of real black licorice is unlikely to cause problems for healthy individuals, but risks increase with quantity, duration, or existing health conditions. Due to potential side effects like high blood pressure and heart irregularities, caution is advised. Individuals with heart, kidney, or liver issues, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and those on specific medications should avoid real licorice. DGL products offer a safer alternative. Consult a healthcare provider if you have concerns about licorice consumption. Additional information can be found at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
