Navigating the world of E-codes can be one of the most challenging aspects of a vegan diet. While many additives are plant-based or synthetic, a significant number are sourced from animals, insects, or dairy. This guide breaks down the most common non-vegan E-codes, providing clarity for shoppers who want to avoid animal-derived ingredients.
Always Animal-Derived E-codes
Some E-codes are consistently derived from animal sources, meaning they are never vegan and should be avoided entirely.
- E120 (Cochineal/Carmine): A bright red dye made from crushed cochineal insects. It is used in many red, pink, and purple foods, including yogurts, drinks, candies, and some cosmetics.
- E441 (Gelatin): A gelling agent derived from the boiled-down skin, bones, and tendons of animals, primarily pigs and cows. It's commonly found in gummy candies, marshmallows, and jellies.
- E542 (Edible Bone Phosphate): An anti-caking agent and source of phosphorus derived from animal bones.
- E901 (Beeswax): A glazing agent produced by honey bees and used to coat sweets, fruits, and other shiny confectionery items.
- E904 (Shellac): A resin secreted by the female lac insect, which is used as a glazing agent on sweets and some fruits.
- E913 (Lanolin): A greasy wax from sheep's wool, used as a glazing agent and in the production of some Vitamin D3.
- E1105 (Lysozyme): An enzyme sourced from chicken egg whites and used as a preservative, often in cheese and some prepared meals.
E-codes That May Be Animal-Derived
Other E-codes can be derived from either animal or plant sources, and their vegan status depends on the manufacturer's specific process. Unless a product is certified vegan or explicitly labeled as such, these E-codes require caution.
- E322 (Lecithin): A commonly used emulsifier that can be derived from soy (vegan) or egg yolks. In the EU, if it's from eggs, it must be declared, but in other regions, it might be unclear.
- E422 (Glycerol/Glycerin): A humectant and solvent that can come from vegetable oils (vegan) or animal fats.
- E471 (Mono- and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids): A very common emulsifier used to blend ingredients, which can be made from either animal fat or vegetable oils. The source is often not specified on the label.
- E570 (Stearic Acid): A fatty acid used as an anti-caking and emulsifying agent. It can be from plant or animal sources, but the origin is often undisclosed.
- E631 (Disodium Inosinate): A flavor enhancer that can be produced from meat, fish, or synthetically from bacterial fermentation.
- E920 (L-Cysteine): A flour treatment agent that can be derived from duck feathers or human hair, though synthetic versions are also available.
Non-Vegan vs. Potentially Non-Vegan E-codes
| E-Code | Common Name(s) | Source | Always Non-Vegan? | Vegan Alternative? | Key Products to Check |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E120 | Cochineal, Carmine | Crushed cochineal insects | Yes | E162 (Beetroot Red) or E163 (Anthocyanins) | Yogurt, candy, red velvet cake, colored drinks |
| E441 | Gelatin | Animal bones, skin, tendons | Yes | E406 (Agar-Agar) or E440 (Pectin) | Gummy sweets, marshmallows, jelly, desserts |
| E542 | Bone Phosphate | Animal bones | Yes | Plant-derived phosphates or other anti-caking agents | Some vitamin supplements, powdered products |
| E901 | Beeswax | Honey bees | Yes | Carnauba wax (E903) or plant-based waxes | Glazing on sweets, fruits, coatings |
| E904 | Shellac | Lac insects | Yes | Carnauba wax (E903) or other plant-based glazes | Glazing on candy, chewing gum, fruits |
| E471 | Mono- and Diglycerides | Animal fat or plant oils | Depends on manufacturer | Look for 'vegan' label or confirm with manufacturer | Baked goods, margarine, spreads, ice cream |
| E422 | Glycerol, Glycerin | Animal fat or vegetable oil | Depends on manufacturer | Look for 'vegan' label or confirm with manufacturer | Sweets, cakes, beverages, cosmetics |
Tips for Navigating Labels
Understanding E-codes is a critical skill for vegans, but it's not foolproof. Here are some practical tips to help you shop with confidence:
- Look for 'Vegan Certified' Labels: The most reliable method is to choose products with a recognized vegan certification logo, such as the Vegan Trademark. This guarantees all ingredients, including E-codes, are animal-free.
- Check for Explicit 'Suitable for Vegans' Text: If a product is not certified but states it is 'suitable for vegans,' this is usually a reliable indicator. However, be cautious with 'suitable for vegetarians,' as this can still include dairy-derived ingredients like lactitol (E966).
- Contact the Manufacturer: For products containing ambiguous E-codes like E471 or E422, the only way to be 100% certain is to contact the manufacturer directly and ask about the ingredient's source.
- Use Apps and Online Databases: Several websites and smartphone apps exist that allow you to search for E-codes and their typical sources, providing a quick reference guide while you're shopping.
- Educate Yourself on Common Culprits: Memorizing the 'always non-vegan' E-codes (like E120, E441, and E904) is a great first step, as it allows for immediate identification in the supermarket.
Conclusion
Staying informed about which E-codes are not vegan is essential for maintaining a truly animal-free diet. While some E-codes are definitively sourced from animals or insects, others require a bit more investigation. By paying close attention to labels, using vegan certification as a trust signal, and knowing which ambiguous codes warrant further research, you can confidently navigate the supermarket aisles. As the vegan market continues to grow, clear and unambiguous labeling is becoming more common, making ethical shopping easier than ever. The key is to remain vigilant and empowered with knowledge to make conscious and cruelty-free food choices.
