Critical Considerations Before Taking GLA
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a type of omega-6 fatty acid known for its anti-inflammatory effects. It is often sourced from plant-based oils such as evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant seed oil. While generally considered safe for many, certain individuals face significant health risks and should abstain from GLA supplementation. These risks include potential interactions with medications, worsening of specific health conditions, and safety concerns during critical life stages. Consulting a healthcare provider is the most important step before considering a GLA supplement.
Who Should Not Take GLA?
Individuals with Bleeding Disorders and Those Facing Surgery
One of the most significant concerns regarding GLA is its effect on blood clotting. GLA can slow down the clotting process, which poses a serious risk for those with pre-existing bleeding disorders or for people preparing for surgery. It is strongly recommended that individuals stop taking GLA at least two weeks before any scheduled surgical procedure to minimize the risk of excessive bleeding. Taking GLA in conjunction with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications can dangerously amplify their effects.
Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
For those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, the safety of GLA has not been reliably established. Many healthcare professionals advise caution and recommend avoiding GLA supplements during these periods. This is especially true for borage oil, a common source of GLA, which can contain toxic compounds called pyrrolizidine alkaloids (UPAs). These toxins can damage the liver and are particularly hazardous during pregnancy and lactation, potentially passing into breast milk. Only borage oil certified free of UPAs should ever be considered, and even then, its use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not advised.
People with Seizure Disorders
Individuals with epilepsy or other seizure disorders should avoid GLA. Some evidence suggests that GLA may lower the seizure threshold, potentially increasing the risk of seizures. This risk is also present for those taking certain antipsychotic medications, specifically phenothiazines, as the combination of GLA and these drugs can also increase seizure risk.
Individuals with Liver Disease
As noted, borage oil, a significant source of GLA, naturally contains hepatotoxic (liver-toxic) pyrrolizidine alkaloids (UPAs). Chronic use of uncertified borage oil can lead to liver damage, making it a critical health risk for anyone with liver disease. It is imperative that any borage oil product used is certified as UPA-free. However, due to the inherent risks and the availability of safer alternatives like evening primrose oil, people with liver conditions should approach GLA with extreme caution.
Potential Drug Interactions with GLA
GLA can interact with several types of medications, potentially leading to harmful side effects or reduced drug effectiveness. These interactions underscore the necessity of discussing any supplement use with a doctor.
- Blood-thinning medications: As mentioned, GLA can slow blood clotting. This effect is additive when combined with drugs like warfarin (Jantoven, Coumadin), heparin, clopidogrel (Plavix), and NSAIDs such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and aspirin, significantly increasing the risk of bruising and bleeding.
- Phenothiazines: This class of antipsychotic drugs (including chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and trifluoperazine) interacts with GLA, and the combination may increase the risk of seizures.
- Immunosuppressants: GLA might have additive or interfering effects with drugs that modulate the immune system, like certain biologics or cyclosporine, potentially affecting the medication's intended outcome.
- Antiretroviral Drugs: The metabolism of antiretroviral drugs used to manage HIV may be affected by GLA, altering their efficacy or increasing side effects.
Comparing Common GLA Sources: Borage Oil vs. Evening Primrose Oil
Understanding the source of GLA is vital, as different plant oils have different safety profiles. Borage oil is notably different from evening primrose oil due to its potential UPA content.
| Feature | Borage Oil (GLA source) | Evening Primrose Oil (GLA source) |
|---|---|---|
| GLA Content | Higher (typically 18-26%) | Lower (typically 7-10%) |
| Hepatotoxicity Risk | Contains liver-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (UPAs) if not certified UPA-free | Does not contain significant amounts of UPAs |
| Risk for Pregnancy/Lactation | Contraindicated due to UPA content, which can cause birth defects, preterm labor, or pass to infant | Recommended to avoid due to insufficient safety data |
| Seizure Risk | May lower seizure threshold | May lower seizure threshold |
| Other Cautions | Only use certified UPA-free products, caution with liver disease | Generally safer, but still requires caution in specific groups |
Mild Side Effects and Allergic Reactions
For those who are not in the high-risk categories, GLA is generally well-tolerated. However, mild side effects can still occur, including headaches, nausea, bloating, loose stools, or other gastrointestinal distress. In rare cases, a more serious allergic reaction may occur, with symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling, or rash. Immediate medical attention is necessary if these occur.
Conclusion
While GLA offers potential health benefits for some, it is crucial to recognize the significant risks for others. Individuals with bleeding disorders, those on anticoagulant or antipsychotic medications, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and people with seizure disorders should avoid GLA supplementation. Furthermore, people with liver disease should be especially cautious with borage oil due to the risk of liver toxicity from pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Always consult with a healthcare professional to determine if GLA is safe for you, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking other medications. The potential for harm outweighs the potential benefits for those in high-risk categories. For more detailed information on supplement interactions, an authoritative resource like WebMD can provide further guidance.
