Understanding Elderberry: A Popular but Potentially Risky Supplement
Elderberry, derived from the Sambucus tree, has a long history in traditional medicine for ailments like colds and flu. While rich in antioxidants and vitamins, its immune-stimulating properties, which make it beneficial for some, can be dangerous for others. Properly cooked elderberry or commercially tested supplements are generally safe for short-term use in healthy adults, but certain populations must exercise extreme caution or avoid it entirely. This guide highlights key groups who should not take elderberries.
People with Autoimmune Diseases and Immunosuppressants
A major concern with elderberry is its interaction with autoimmune conditions and immunosuppressant medications. Elderberry's ability to stimulate the immune system can be detrimental when the immune system is already overactive or being suppressed.
Autoimmune Conditions
Individuals with conditions where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues should avoid elderberry. This includes conditions such as Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis, and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, where increased immune activity could trigger or worsen symptoms.
Immunosuppressant Medications
Those taking medications to suppress the immune system, such as organ transplant recipients or individuals being treated for conditions like Crohn's disease, must avoid elderberry. Elderberry can counteract these vital medications.
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Children
The safety of elderberry supplements during pregnancy or breastfeeding has not been adequately studied, leading most healthcare professionals to advise against their use. Similarly, there is limited safety data for young children, particularly those under 5 years old, making it advisable to consult a pediatrician before administering elderberry.
Dangers of Uncooked and Improperly Prepared Elderberry
Raw or unripe elderberries, along with the leaves, bark, and seeds, contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides. Ingesting these can cause cyanide poisoning, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Proper cooking is essential to neutralize these toxins, and homemade preparations may carry a higher risk if not cooked thoroughly.
Potential Drug Interactions and Other Conditions
Elderberry can interact with certain medications and may not be suitable for individuals with specific health concerns.
Drug Interactions
Elderberry's natural properties can interact with medications. It can have additive effects with diuretics and laxatives, potentially leading to excessive fluid loss or digestive issues. There are also potential interactions with some cancer medications, such as Pazopanib, which may increase the risk of liver damage.
Other Health Considerations
Some individuals may experience gastrointestinal upset, including nausea or diarrhea, from elderberry products. Allergic reactions are also possible, particularly for those with sensitivities to other plants in the same family. Concerns have also been raised about elderberry potentially exacerbating a 'cytokine storm' in severe cases of COVID-19, although more research is needed.
Comparison: Elderberry Caution at a Glance
| Group/Condition | Reason for Caution/Avoidance | Recommended Action |
|---|---|---|
| Autoimmune Diseases | Can stimulate the immune system, potentially worsening symptoms. | Avoid completely, especially during active flares. |
| Immunosuppressant Users | Elderberry's immune-boosting effect counteracts medication. | Avoid completely. Consult doctor before use. |
| Pregnant/Breastfeeding Women | Lack of safety research and potential risk to infant. | Avoid entirely; insufficient data. |
| Children under 5 | Limited safety data available for this age group. | Avoid or consult a pediatrician for guidance. |
| Diuretic/Laxative Users | Additive effects could cause excessive fluid loss or GI issues. | Use caution and consult with a healthcare provider. |
| Raw/Unripe Elderberry Eaters | Contains toxic cyanogenic glycosides that cause poisoning. | Never consume raw, unripe, or improperly cooked berries. |
General Safety Reminders
Prioritizing safety with herbal supplements is crucial:
- Consult a Healthcare Provider: Always discuss elderberry use with your doctor or pharmacist, especially with existing conditions or other medications.
- Purchase from Reputable Sources: Choose elderberry supplements from trusted manufacturers that use proper processing and third-party testing.
- Follow Dosage Guidelines: Adhere to recommended dosages; long-term safety data is limited.
- Never Eat Raw Elderberries: Avoid raw berries, leaves, or stems due to toxic compounds.
Conclusion
While elderberry is popular for immune support, its effects make it unsuitable for certain individuals. Those with autoimmune diseases, on immunosuppressants, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and young children should avoid it. The toxicity of raw elderberries also poses a significant risk. Consulting a healthcare provider is essential for making safe decisions about elderberry use. Remember that herbal supplements are not as strictly regulated as pharmaceuticals by bodies like the FDA, making informed choices critical. For more information on elderberry safety, consult resources like the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH).
