Peppers and the Dirty Dozen: What the EWG Says
The Environmental Working Group (EWG) has included both bell and hot peppers on its Dirty Dozen list for years, with its most recent 2025 report reinforcing this finding. The list identifies conventionally grown produce with the highest pesticide load, based on data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Peppers, in particular, stand out for the sheer number of different pesticides detected. For instance, in a recent analysis, bell and hot peppers were found to have 101 different types of pesticides, second only to leafy greens. The EWG's ranking methodology has evolved to include pesticide toxicity, providing an even more comprehensive picture of potential health risks. While the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables, regardless of how they are grown, outweigh the risks, informed consumers can make choices to reduce their exposure to these chemical compounds.
What Puts Peppers on the List?
The high ranking of peppers on the Dirty Dozen is primarily due to a combination of factors related to how they are grown and consumed. Their thin, edible skin offers little protection from the many pesticides used to protect them from insects, weeds, and fungi. Unlike produce with thick peels that are discarded, the skin of a pepper is consumed, meaning any residues on the surface remain. Even after washing, these residues can persist. Research shows that while household washing can reduce surface contaminants, it may not completely eliminate all pesticides, especially those absorbed into the plant tissue. This is why the EWG recommends choosing organic versions of produce on the Dirty Dozen list to offer better protection against potential pesticide exposure.
The Clean Fifteen: A Different Picture
To offer a contrast, the EWG also releases a "Clean Fifteen" list, which identifies conventionally grown produce with the lowest pesticide residues. Items that typically make this list have natural protections like thick rinds or peels that are removed before consumption. Peppers are not found on this list. Understanding the difference between the Dirty Dozen and the Clean Fifteen can help consumers prioritize their organic purchases if they are on a budget. For example, buying organic peppers is a higher priority than buying organic avocados, which consistently rank as one of the cleanest items.
Reducing Pesticide Exposure on Conventional Peppers
For those who choose to purchase conventional peppers, there are several steps you can take to minimize pesticide residue, though it's important to remember these methods will not remove all chemicals.
- Wash thoroughly: Scrubbing peppers under running water for at least 30 seconds can help dislodge surface-level residues.
- Create a cleaning solution: A DIY solution of water and baking soda can be more effective than plain water at removing some pesticide residues. Use a ratio of 2 teaspoons of baking soda per 1 quart of water and soak for 15-20 minutes, followed by a thorough rinse.
- Blanching: Brief boiling in water or steam can also help reduce pesticide levels, particularly on the surface.
| Feature | Conventional Peppers | Organic Peppers |
|---|---|---|
| Pesticide Residue | High levels, consistently on Dirty Dozen list. | Significantly lower levels, grown without synthetic pesticides. |
| Toxicity Concerns | Higher overall pesticide toxicity rating based on EWG methodology. | Minimal toxicity risk from synthetic pesticides. |
| Growing Method | Grown using chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. | Grown with natural fertilizers and without synthetic pesticides. |
| Cost | Generally more affordable and widely available. | Often more expensive due to production methods. |
| Nutritional Content | Some studies suggest potentially lower nutritional value. | Studies indicate potentially higher nutritional value due to healthier soil. |
Making an Informed Decision
Ultimately, the choice to buy organic or conventional peppers is a personal one. However, the EWG's evidence clearly shows that both bell and hot peppers carry a significant pesticide load when grown conventionally. For those with health concerns or for families with young children, opting for organic peppers is a practical way to reduce overall pesticide burden. The annual EWG guide is a valuable tool for prioritizing which produce to buy organic, and the consistent placement of peppers on the Dirty Dozen makes them a top candidate for consideration. For further details on EWG's Shopper's Guide, visit their official website.
Conclusion: Peppers and Your Health
In conclusion, yes, peppers are on the Dirty Dozen list, and have been for some time. Their position on the list is not a reason to avoid eating them altogether, as the health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables are immense. Instead, it serves as a helpful piece of information for consumers seeking to reduce their exposure to agricultural chemicals. By either choosing organic varieties or following enhanced washing protocols for conventional peppers, consumers can enjoy this nutritious and flavorful vegetable while making an informed decision about their health and environmental impact.
